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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 276, Issue 23, 20466-20473, June 8, 2001
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From the Amyloid
Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid-
Binds Copper and Zinc
to Generate an Allosterically Ordered Membrane-penetrating Structure
Containing Superoxide Dismutase-like Subunits*
§,
,
,
,
,

, and
§§
Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal
Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, the
§ Department of Physics, Monash University, Clayton,
Victoria 3168, Australia, the ¶ School of Chemistry, University of
Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, the
Department
of Pathology, University of Melbourne and the Mental Health Research
Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, the
** Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im
Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and the

Laboratory for Oxidation Biology, Genetics
and Aging Unit and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital East,
Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
peptide (A
) is the major
constituent of extracellular plaques and perivascular amyloid deposits,
the pathognomonic neuropathological lesions of Alzheimer's disease.
Cu2+ and Zn2+ bind A
, inducing
aggregation and giving rise to reactive oxygen species. These reactions
may play a deleterious role in the disease state, because high
concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc have been located in amyloid
in diseased brains. Here we show that coordination of metal ions to
A
is the same in both aqueous solution and lipid environments, with
His6, His13, and His14 all
involved. At Cu2+/peptide molar ratios >0.3, A
coordinated a second Cu2+ atom in a highly cooperative
manner. This effect was abolished if the histidine residues were
methylated at N
2, indicating the presence of
bridging histidine residues, as found in the active site of superoxide
dismutase. Addition of Cu2+ or Zn2+ to A
in
a negatively charged lipid environment caused a conformational change
from
-sheet to
-helix, accompanied by peptide oligomerization and
membrane penetration. These results suggest that metal binding to A
generated an allosterically ordered membrane-penetrating oligomer
linked by superoxide dismutase-like bridging histidine residues.
*
This work was supported in part by grants from the
NH&MRC, NIA (to A. I. B.), and Prana Biotechnology
Ltd.The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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