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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 276, Issue 26, 23341-23348, June 29, 2001
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From the Localization of signaling is critical
in directing cellular outcomes, especially in pleiotropic signaling
pathways. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase
(ERK)/microtubule-associated protein kinase, which promotes cell
migration, proliferation, and differentiation is found in the nucleus
and throughout the cytoplasm. Recently, it has been shown that nuclear
translocation of ERK is required for transcriptional changes and cell
proliferation. However, the cellular consequences, of
cytoplasmic signaling have not been defined. We explored whether
cytoplasmic, specifically membrane-proximal, ERK signaling is involved
in growth factor-induced cell motility. We previously have demonstrated
that increased M-calpain activity downstream of epidermal growth factor
receptor (EGFR)-mediated ERK activation is necessary for epidermal
growth factor (EGF)-induced motility. Calpain isoforms also have been
found in nuclear, cytosolic, and plasma membrane-associated
compartments in a variety of cell types. We now employ cell engineering
approaches to control localization of the upstream EGFR and ERK
activities to examine the spatial effect of upstream signal locale on
downstream calpain activity. With differential ligand-induced
internalization and trafficking-restricted receptor variants, we find
that calpain activity is triggered only by plasma membrane-restricted
activated EGFR, not by internalized (although still active) EGFR. Cells
transfected with membrane-targeted ERK1 and ERK2, which sequester
endogenous ERKs, exhibited normal EGF-induced calpain activity.
Transfection of an inactive ERK phosphatase (MKP-3/Pyst1) that
sequesters ERK in the cytoplasm prevented calpain activation as well as
de-adhesion. These data strongly suggest that EGF-induced calpain
activity can be enhanced near sites of membrane-proximal EGFR-mediated
ERK signaling, providing insights about how calpain activity might be
regulated and targeted to enhance its effects on adhesion-related substrates.
Membrane Proximal ERK Signaling Is Required for M-calpain
Activation Downstream of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
Signaling*
,
, and
**
Department of Pathology, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, the § Institute
of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020
Innsbruck, Austria, the ¶ Imperial Cancer Research Fund Molecular
Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital,
Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom, and the
Division of
Bioengineering and Environmental Health, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
*
This study was supported by NIGMS, National Institutes of
Health (NIH), Grant GM54739, a grant from the Department of
Defense/Veterans Affairs Initiative on Combat Casualty (to A. W.), and
NCI, NIH, Grant CA69213 (to D. A. L.), and the Austrian Fond SFB,
F208.The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in
accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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