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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 276, Issue 32, 29953-29960, August 10, 2001

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Affinity of Human Serum Albumin for Bilirubin Varies with Albumin Concentration and Buffer Composition
RESULTS OF A NOVEL ULTRAFILTRATION METHOD^*

Richard A. Weisiger^§, J. Donald Ostrow^¶**, Ronald K. Koehler, Cecile C. Webster, Pasupati Mukerjee, Lorella Pascolo^§§, and Claudio Tiribelli^§§

From the  Department of Medicine and the Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0538, the ^¶ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, the  Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Lakeside Medical Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, the  School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and the ^§§ Centro Studi Fegato, Dipartimento Biochimica, Biofisicae Chimica Macromolecule, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127 Italy

Albumin binding is a crucial determinant of bilirubin clearance in health and bilirubin toxicity in certain disease states. However, prior attempts to measure the affinity of albumin for bilirubin have yielded highly variable results, reflecting both differing conditions and the confounding influence of impurities. We therefore have devised a method based on serial ultrafiltration that successively removes impurities in [¹⁴C]bilirubin until a stable binding affinity is achieved, and then we used it to assess the effect of albumin concentration and buffer composition on binding. The apparent binding affinity of human serum albumin for [¹⁴C]bilirubin was strongly dependent on assay conditions, falling from (5.09 ± 0.24) × 10⁷ liters/mol at lower albumin concentrations (15 µM) to (0.54 ± 0.05) × 10⁷ liters/mol at higher albumin concentrations (300 µM). To determine whether radioactive impurities were responsible for this change, we estimated impurities in the stock bilirubin using a novel modeling approach and found them to be 0.11-0.13%. Formation of new impurities during the study and their affinity for albumin were also estimated. After correction for impurities, the binding affinity remained heavily dependent on the albumin concentration (range (5.37 ± 0.26) × 10⁷ liters/mol to (0.65 ± 0.03) × 10⁷ liters/mol). Affinities decreased by about half in the presence of chloride (50 mM). Thus, the affinity of human albumin for bilirubin is not constant, but varies with both albumin concentration and buffer composition. Binding may be considerably less avid at physiological albumin concentrations than previously believed.

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