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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M110752200 on January 8, 2002
J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 12, 10236-10243, March 22, 2002
Differential Activities of Murine Single Minded 1 (SIM1)
and SIM2 on a Hypoxic Response Element
CROSS-TALK BETWEEN BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX/Per-Arnt-Sim
HOMOLOGY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS*
Susan L.
Woods and
Murray L.
Whitelaw
From the Department of Molecular BioSciences (Biochemistry) and the
Center for the Molecular Genetics of Development, Adelaide University,
South Australia 5005, Australia
The basic helix-loop-helix/Per-Arnt-Sim homology
(bHLH/PAS) protein family comprises a group of transcriptional
regulators that often respond to a variety of developmental and
environmental stimuli. Two murine members of this family, Single Minded
1 (SIM1) and Single Minded 2 (SIM2), are essential for postnatal
survival but differ from other prototypical family members such as the dioxin receptor (DR) and hypoxia-inducible factors, in that they behave
as transcriptional repressors in mammalian one-hybrid experiments and
have yet to be ascribed a regulating signal. In cell lines engineered
to stably express SIM1 and SIM2, we show that both are nuclear proteins
that constitutively complex with the general bHLH/PAS partner factor,
ARNT. We report that the murine SIM factors, in combination with ARNT,
attenuate transcription from the hypoxia-inducible erythropoietin
(EPO) enhancer during hypoxia. Such cross-talk between
coexpressed bHLH/PAS factors can occur through competition for ARNT,
which we find evident in SIM repression of DR-induced transcription
from a xenobiotic response element reporter gene. However, SIM1/ARNT,
but not SIM2/ARNT, can activate transcription from the EPO
enhancer at normoxia, implying that the SIM proteins have the ability
to bind hypoxia response elements and affect either activation or
repression of transcription. This notion is supported by
co-immunoprecipitation of EPO enhancer sequences with the
SIM2 protein. SIM protein levels decrease with hypoxia treatment in our
stable cell lines, although levels of the transcripts encoding SIM1 and
SIM2 and the approximately 2-h half-lives of each protein are unchanged
during hypoxia. Inhibition of protein synthesis, known to occur in
cells during hypoxic stress in order to decrease ATP utilization,
appears to account for the fall in SIM levels. Our data suggest the
existence of a hypoxic switch mechanism in cells that coexpress
hypoxia-inducible factor and SIM proteins, where up-regulation and
activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 is concomitant with
attenuation of SIM activities.
*
The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in
accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of
Molecular BioSciences, Adelaide University, SA 5005, Australia. Tel.: 618-8303-4724; Fax: 618-8303-4348; E-mail: murray.whitelaw@adelaide. edu.au.
Copyright © 2002 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

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Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
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