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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 2, 932-936, January 11, 2002
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From the A key early event in the development
of atherosclerosis is the oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL)
via different mechanisms including free radical reactions with both
protein and lipid components. Nitric oxide (·NO) is capable of
inhibiting LDL oxidation by scavenging radical species involved in
oxidative chain propagation reactions. Herein, the diffusion of
·NO into LDL is studied by fluorescence quenching of pyrene
derivatives. Selected probes 1-(pyrenyl)methyltrimethylammonium (PMTMA)
and 1-(pyrenyl)-methyl-3-(9-octadecenoyloxy)-22,23-bisnor-5-cholenate (PMChO) were chosen so that they could be incorporated at different depths of the LDL particle. Indeed, PMTMA and PMChO were located in the
surface and core of LDL, respectively, as indicated by changes in
fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quenching studies with water-soluble
quenchers and the lifetime values (
Diffusion of Nitric Oxide into Low Density Lipoprotein*
,
,
Department of Physical Biochemistry,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay, the § Department of Biochemistry,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, the Department of Chemistry, Universidad de
Santiago de Chile, Santiago 2, Chile, and the ** Department
of Anesthesiology, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of
Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233
o) of the excited probes.
The apparent second order rate quenching constants of ·NO
(kNO) for both probes were 2.6-3.8 × 1010 M
1 s1 and
1.2 × 1010 M1
s1 in solution and native LDL, respectively, indicating
that there is no significant barrier to the diffusion of ·NO to
the surface and core of LDL. Nitric oxide was also capable of diffusing
through oxidized LDL. Considering the preferential partitioning of
·NO in apolar milieu (6-8 for n-octanol:water) and
therefore a larger ·NO concentration in LDL with respect to the
aqueous phase, a corrected kNO value of
~0.2 × 1010 M1
s1 can be determined, which still is sufficiently large
and consistent with a facile diffusion of ·NO through LDL.
Applying the Einstein-Smoluchowsky treatment, the apparent diffusion
coefficient
(D'NO) of
·NO in native LDL is on average 2 × 105
cm2 s1, six times larger than that
previously reported for erythrocyte plasma membrane. Thus, our
observations support that ·NO readily traverses the LDL surface
accessing the hydrophobic lipid core of the particle and affirm a role
for ·NO as a major lipophilic antioxidant in LDL.
*
This work was supported in part by National Institutes of
Health Grants R03 TW00999 and TW001493 (to B. A. F., A. D., H. R., and R. R.), Swedish Agency for Research
Cooperation (Sweden), International Centre for Genetic
Engineering and Biotechnology (Italy), and the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute (to R. R.), Third World Academy of Sciences (Italy), and
Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Cientifica, Universidad
de la República (Uruguay) (to A. D.), and
Pfizer-Fundación Manuel Pérez (to H. R. and C. B.).The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in
accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
International Research Scholar of the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute. To whom correspondence should be addressed: Departamento de
Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la
República, Avda. Gral. Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay.
E-mail: rradi@fmed.edu.uy.
Copyright © 2002 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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