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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 22, 19649-19657, May 31, 2002
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, Functions as an Antagonist of
Biochemical and Cellular Activities*
From Tularik Inc.,
South San Francisco, California 94080
The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor
(PPAR
(NR1C3)) plays a central
role in adipogenesis and is the molecular target for the
thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of antidiabetic drugs. In a search for
novel non-TZD ligands for PPAR
, T0070907 was identified as a potent
and selective PPAR
antagonist. With an apparent binding affinity
(concentration at 50% inhibition of
[3H]rosiglitazone binding or IC50) of 1 nM, T0070907 covalently modifies PPAR
on cysteine 313 in
helix 3 of human PPAR
2. T0070907 blocked PPAR
function in both
cell-based reporter gene and adipocyte differentiation assays.
Consistent with its role as an antagonist of PPAR
, T0070907 blocked
agonist-induced recruitment of coactivator-derived peptides to PPAR
in a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence-based assay and promoted
recruitment of the transcriptional corepressor NCoR to PPAR
in both
glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays and a
PPAR
/retinoid X receptor (RXR)
-dependent gel shift
assay. Studies with mutant receptors suggest that T0070907 modulates the interaction of PPAR
with these cofactor proteins by affecting the conformation of helix 12 of the PPAR
ligand-binding domain. Interestingly, whereas the T0070907-induced NCoR recruitment to PPAR
/RXR
heterodimer can be almost completely reversed by the simultaneous treatment with RXR
agonist LGD1069, T0070907 treatment has only modest effects on LGD1069-induced coactivator recruitment to
the PPAR
/RXR
heterodimer. These results suggest that the activity
of PPAR
antagonists can be modulated by the availability and
concentration of RXR agonists. T0070907 is a novel tool for the study
of PPAR
/RXR
heterodimer function.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tularik Inc., Two
Corporate Dr., South San Francisco, CA 94080. Tel.: 650-825-7524; Fax:
650-825-7400; E-mail: yli@tularik.com.
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