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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 26, 23111-23115, June 28, 2002
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From the Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of
the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
Cancer cells display high rates of aerobic
glycolysis, a phenomenon known historically as the Warburg effect.
Lactate and pyruvate, the end products of glycolysis, are highly
produced by cancer cells even in the presence of oxygen.
Hypoxia-induced gene expression in cancer cells has been linked to
malignant transformation. Here we provide evidence that lactate and
pyruvate regulate hypoxia-inducible gene expression independently of
hypoxia by stimulating the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible Factor
1
Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 Activation by Aerobic Glycolysis
Implicates the Warburg Effect in Carcinogenesis*
(HIF-1
). In human gliomas and other cancer cell lines, the
accumulation of HIF-1
protein under aerobic conditions requires the
metabolism of glucose to pyruvate that prevents the aerobic degradation
of HIF-1
protein, activates HIF-1 DNA binding activity, and enhances
the expression of several HIF-1-activated genes including
erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, glucose transporter
3, and aldolase A. Our findings support a novel role for pyruvate in
metabolic signaling and suggest a mechanism by which high rates of
aerobic glycolysis can promote the malignant transformation and
survival of cancer cells.
*
This work was supported in part by National Institutes of
Health Grant NS-37814 and Department of Defense Grants MDA905-92-Z-0003 and MDA905-00-1-0034 (to A. V.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Neurology,
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge
Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814. Tel.: 301-295-3840; Fax: 301-295-3825; E-mail:
averma@usuhs.mil.
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