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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 29, 25904-25913, July 19, 2002
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From the Prostate Research Group, School of Surgical Sciences,
University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Medical School, Framlington Place,
Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
The androgen receptor (AR), a member of the
nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, is thought to play an important
role in the development of prostate cancer. The AR is a
hormone-dependent transcription factor that activates
expression of numerous androgen-responsive genes. Histone
acetyltransferase-containing proteins have been shown to increase
activity of several transcription factors, including nuclear hormone
receptors, by eliciting histone acetylation, which facilitates promoter
access to the transcriptional machinery. Conversely, histone
deacetylases (HDACs) have been identified which reduce levels of
histone acetylation and are associated with transcriptional repression
by various transcription factors. We have previously shown that Tip60
(Tat-interactive protein, 60 kDa) is a bona fide
co-activator protein for the AR. Here we show that Tip60 directly
acetylates the AR, which we demonstrate is a requisite for
Tip60-mediated transcription. To define a mechanism for repression of
AR function, we demonstrate that AR activity is specifically
down-regulated by the histone deacetylase activity of HDAC1.
Furthermore, using both mammalian two-hybrid and immunoprecipitation experiments, we show that AR and HDAC1 interact, suggestive of a direct
role for down-regulation of AR activity by HDAC1. In chromatin
immunoprecipitation assays, we provide evidence that AR, Tip60, and
HDAC1 form a trimeric complex upon the endogenous AR-responsive PSA
promoter, suggesting that acetylation and deacetylation of the AR is an
important mechanism for regulating transcriptional activity.
To whom all correspondence should be addressed. Tel.:
44-191-222-7076; Fax: 44-191-222-8514; E-mail:
c.n.robson@ncl.ac.uk.
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