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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 33, 30283-30288, August 16, 2002
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,
,
§, and
¶
From the The steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) proteins
comprise a well-characterized family of nuclear receptor (NR)
coactivators that increase transcriptional activation by NRs via
covalent modification of chromatin proteins and recruitment of other
coactivators. We have recently shown that the SRC family member GRIP1
interacts with a class of SUMO-1 (small ubiquitin-like modifier 1) E3
ligases, the PIAS proteins, and that the coactivator is subjected to
SUMO-1 modifications (sumoylation). In this work, we demonstrate that lysine residues 239, 731, and 788 of GRIP1 serve as principal attachment sites for SUMO-1. Lys-731 and Lys-788 are located in the NR interaction domain (NID), and their substitution by arginines impairs the ability of GRIP1 to colocalize with androgen receptor (AR)
in nuclei. Likewise, Lys-731 and Lys-788 mutants of GRIP1 have
attenuated ability to enhance AR-dependent transcription and fail to synergize with PIASx
Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of
Biomedicine, the ¶ Institute of Biotechnology, and the
§ Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki
and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
-mediated activation of AR function, indicating that sumoylation modifies the ability of GRIP1 to function as a steroid receptor coactivator. The Lys-731 sumoylation site is
conserved in SRC-3 and SRC-1, and the NIDs of the latter coactivators harbor one or two additional sites matching with the consensus sites
for SUMO-1 attachment, respectively, suggesting a more general role for
the modification in the regulation of SRC protein activity.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Biomedicum
Helsinki, Inst. of Biomedicine, P. O. Box 63, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Tel.: 358-9-191-25291; Fax:
358-9-191-25302; E-mail: jorma.palvimo@helsinki.fi.
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