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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 45, 43271-43280, November 8, 2002
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From the Departments of In advanced atherosclerosis, macrophage foam
cells progressively accumulate large amounts of unesterified or
"free" cholesterol (FC), a process that is thought to contribute to
foam cell death and lesional necrosis. The cellular consequences of
early FC accumulation, including those that lead to further FC
accumulation, are poorly understood. In this context, we show that
cholesterol and phospholipid efflux mediated by ABCA1, which is
initially induced in the cholesterol-loaded macrophage, was inhibited
by ~80% in pre-toxic FC-loaded macrophages. Cholesterol efflux to
HDL2, which is mediated by a non-ABCA1
pathway, was inhibited by only ~20% in FC-loaded macrophages. FC
loading led to decreased levels of ABCA1 protein via increased
degradation of ABCA1, and not by decreased transcription or translation
of AbcA1 mRNA. The decrease in ABCA1 protein
occurred relatively early and was not prevented by caspase inhibitors,
indicating that it was not a consequence of FC-induced apoptosis.
However, inhibition of proteasomal function by lactacystin largely
prevented the degradation of ABCA1. Importantly, the FC-induced
decrease in ABCA1 function and protein was almost entirely prevented in macrophages that had partial deficiency of npc1 or were
exposed to nanomolar concentrations of U18666A, both of which lead to defective cholesterol trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum, but
leave trafficking to the plasma membrane largely intact. Thus, a
relatively early event during FC loading of macrophages is increased degradation of ABCA1, which appears to require trafficking of cholesterol to a peripheral cellular site, but not bulk trafficking of
excess cholesterol to the plasma membrane. These findings provide new
insight into the post-translational regulation of ABCA1 and the
pathobiology of the FC-loaded macrophage.
ABCA1-mediated Cholesterol Efflux Is Defective in Free
Cholesterol-loaded Macrophages
MECHANISM INVOLVES ENHANCED ABCA1 DEGRADATION IN A PROCESS
REQUIRING FULL NPC1 ACTIVITY*
and
§¶
Medicine and
§ Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University,
New York, New York 10032
*
This work was supported by NHLBI Grant HL-54591 from the
National Institutes of Health (to I. T.).The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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