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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 46, 43799-43808, November 15, 2002
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Pathways*
§,
,
From the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Endoglin is a transforming growth
factor-
(TGF-
) co-receptor expressed mainly on endothelial cells
and involved in cardiovascular development, angiogenesis, and vascular
remodeling. This is illustrated by the fact that mutations in the
endoglin gene give rise to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type
1, a dominant vascular disease with clinical manifestations that
originate by a mechanism of haploinsufficiency. Thus, studies on the
regulated expression of endoglin are crucial to devising therapeutic
strategies for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1. Endoglin
is highly expressed in the neovasculature associated with hypoxia such
as ischemic tissues and tumors, but the molecular mechanism of this up-regulation is unknown. Here, we have investigated the possible regulation of endoglin expression by hypoxia. Surface protein, transcript, and promoter activity levels of endoglin were found to be
up-regulated by hypoxia, indicating that the regulation takes place at
the transcriptional level. A hypoxia-responsive element downstream of
the main transcription start site of the endoglin gene was functionally
characterized. Whereas hypoxia alone moderately stimulated endoglin
transcription, addition of TGF-
under hypoxic conditions resulted in
transcriptional cooperation between both signaling pathways, leading to
marked stimulation of endoglin expression. Because basal endoglin
transcription is sustained by Sp1, and TGF-
and hypoxia signaling
pathways are mediated by Smad proteins and hypoxia-inducible factor-1
(HIF-1), respectively, the involvement of these transcription factors
was analyzed. Functional and co-immunoprecipitation experiments
demonstrated the existence of a multiprotein complex
(Sp1·Smad3·HIF-1) on the endoglin promoter, mediating the
cooperation between the hypoxia and TGF-
pathways. Within this
multiprotein complex, Smad3 appears to function not only as a
coactivator factor, but also as an adaptor between HIF-1 and Sp1. We
propose that basal endoglin transcription (highly dependent on Sp1) may
switch from a constitutive to an inducible state through Sp1
interaction with HIF-1 and Smad transcription factors, induced by
hypoxia and TGF-
, respectively.
Both authors contributed equally to this work.
§
Supported by a predoctoral fellowship from the Comunidad
Autónoma de Madrid.
¶
To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.:
34-91-564-4562 (ext. 4246); Fax: 34-91-562-7518; E-mail:
bernabeu.c@cib.csic.es.
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