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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M110779200 on December 12, 2001

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 9, 6949-6959, March 1, 2002
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Regulatory Interactions among Three Members of the Vertebrate Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Family: AHR Repressor, AHR1, and AHR2*

Sibel I. Karchner, Diana G. Franks, Wade H. PowellDagger , and Mark E. Hahn§

From the Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543

The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds occur via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a member of the basic helix-loop-helix-Per-ARNT-Sim homology (bHLH-PAS) protein superfamily. A single AHR gene has been identified in mammals, whereas many fish species, including the Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) possess two distinct AHR genes (AHR1 and a novel form, AHR2). A mouse bHLH-PAS protein closely related to AHR and designated AHR repressor (AHRR) is induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and represses the transcriptional activity of the AHR. To determine whether AHRR is the mammalian ortholog of fish AHR2 and to investigate the mechanisms by which AHRR regulates AHR function, we cloned an AHRR ortholog in F. heteroclitus with high sequence identity to the mouse and human AHRRs. Killifish AHRR encodes a 680-residue protein with a predicted molecular mass of 75.2 kDa. We show that in vitro expressed AHRR proteins from human, mouse, and killifish all fail to bind [3H]TCDD or [3H]beta -naphthoflavone. In transient transfection experiments using a luciferase reporter gene under control of AHR response elements, killifish AHRR inhibited the TCDD-dependent transactivation function of both AHR1 and AHR2. AHRR mRNA is widely expressed in killifish tissues and is inducible by TCDD or polychlorinated biphenyls, but its expression is not altered in a population of fish exhibiting genetic resistance to these compounds. The F. heteroclitus AHRR promoter contains three putative AHR response elements. Both AHR1 and AHR2 activated transcription of luciferase driven by the AHRR promoter, and AHRR could repress its own promoter. Thus, AHRR is an evolutionarily conserved, TCDD-inducible repressor of AHR1 and AHR2 function. Phylogenetic analysis shows that AHRR, AHR1, and AHR2 are distinct genes, members of an AHR gene family; these three vertebrate AHR-like genes descended from a single invertebrate AHR.

* This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grants R01 ES06272 (to M. E. H.) and F32 ES05800 (to W. H. P.) and the Superfund Basic Research Program Grant P42 ES07381 at Boston University. This is contribution 10562 from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBankTM/EBI Data Bank with accession number(s) AF443441 and AF443442.

Dagger Present address: Biology Dept., Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022.

§ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Biology Dept., MS 32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1049. Tel.: 508-289-3242; Fax: 508-457-2134; E-mail: mhahn@whoi.edu.

Copyright © 2002 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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