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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M210432200 on December 20, 2002

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 10, 8516-8525, March 7, 2003
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Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibitor Rotenone Induces Apoptosis through Enhancing Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production*

Nianyu LiDagger , Kathy RaghebDagger , Gretchen LawlerDagger , Jennie SturgisDagger , Bartek RajwaDagger , J. Andres Melendez§, and J. Paul RobinsonDagger

From the Dagger  Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 and the § Center for Immunology & Microbial Disease, MC-151, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208

Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I by rotenone had been found to induce cell death in a variety of cells. However, the mechanism is still elusive. Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in apoptosis and inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I by rotenone was thought to be able to elevate mitochondrial ROS production, we investigated the relationship between rotenone-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Rotenone was able to induce mitochondrial complex I substrate-supported mitochondrial ROS production both in isolated mitochondria from HL-60 cells as well as in cultured cells. Rotenone-induced apoptosis was confirmed by DNA fragmentation, cytochrome c release, and caspase 3 activity. A quantitative correlation between rotenone-induced apoptosis and rotenone-induced mitochondrial ROS production was identified. Rotenone-induced apoptosis was inhibited by treatment with antioxidants (glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, and vitamin C). The role of rotenone-induced mitochondrial ROS in apoptosis was also confirmed by the finding that HT1080 cells overexpressing magnesium superoxide dismutase were more resistant to rotenone-induced apoptosis than control cells. These results suggest that rotenone is able to induce apoptosis via enhancing the amount of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production.


* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories, Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. Tel.: 765-494-0757; Fax: 765-494-0517; E-mail: jpr@flowcyt.cyto.purdue.edu.


Copyright © 2003 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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