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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 13, 10983-10992, March 28, 2003
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From the We have shown that the age-associated increase in
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages (M
Ceramide-induced and Age-associated Increase in
Macrophage COX-2 Expression Is Mediated through Up-regulation
of NF-
B Activity*
,
,
§,
**
Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean
Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, the
¶ Department of Biochemistry, and the
Department of
Pathology, Sackler Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
) prostaglandin
E2 (PGE2) production is because of
ceramide-induced up-regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 transcription
that leads to increased COX-2 expression and enzyme activity. To
determine the mechanism of the age-related and
ceramide-dependent increase in COX-2 transcription, we
investigated the role of various transcription factors involved in
COX-2 gene expression. The results showed that LPS-initiated
activations of both consensus and COX-2-specific NF-
B, but not AP-1
and CREB, were significantly higher in M
from old mice than those
from young mice. We further showed that the higher NF-
B activation in old M
was because of greater I
B degradation in the cytoplasm and p65 translocation to the nucleus. An I
B phosphorylation
inhibitor, Bay 11-7082, inhibited NF-
B activation, as well as
PGE2 production, COX activity, COX-2 protein, and mRNA
expression in both young and old M
. Similar results were obtained by
blocking NF-
B binding activity using a NF-
B decoy. Furthermore,
NF-
B inhibition resulted in significantly greater reduction in
PGE2 production and COX activity in old compared with young
M
. Addition of ceramide to the young M
, in the presence or
absence of LPS, increased NF-
B activation in parallel with
PGE2 production. Bay 11-7082 or NF-
B decoy prevented
this ceramide-induced increase in NF-
B binding activity and
PGE2 production. These findings strongly suggest that the
age-associated and ceramide-induced increase in COX-2 transcription is
mediated through higher NF-
B activation, which is, in turn, because
of a greater I
B degradation in old M
.
*
This work was supported by NIA National Institutes of Health
Grant RO1-AG09140-09, National Institutes of Health Grant ES11518, and
United States Department of Agriculture agreement 58-1950-9-001.The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in
accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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