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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M300430200 on January 27, 2003

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 15, 12729-12736, April 11, 2003
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Ca2+-independent Protein Kinase Cs Mediate Heterologous Desensitization of Leukocyte Chemokine Receptors by Opioid Receptors*

Ning ZhangDagger , Dave HodgeDagger , Thomas J. Rogers§, and Joost J. OppenheimDagger

From the Dagger  Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Intramural Research Support Program, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201 and the § Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140

Heterologous desensitization of chemokine receptors by opioids has been considered to contribute to their immunosuppressive effects. Previous studies show that Met-enkephalin, an endogenous opioid, down-regulates chemotaxis of selected chemokine receptors via phosphorylation. In the present study, we further investigated the molecular mechanism of such cross-regulation. Our data showed that preincubation with Met-enkephalin inhibited both MIP-1alpha -mediated chemotaxis and Ca2+ flux of monocytes in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects were maximal using nanomolar concentrations of activating chemokines, a concentration found in physiological conditions. A decrease both in chemokine receptor affinity and in coupling efficiency between receptors and G protein were observed, which directly contributed to the desensitization effects. However, comparing with chemokines such as MIP-1alpha and MCP-1, opioids did not elicit a calcium flux, failed to induce MIP-1alpha receptors internalization, and mediated a less potent heterologous desensitization. We hypothesized that these differences might originate from the involvement of different protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes. In our studies, opioid-mediated down-regulation of MIP-1alpha receptors could be blocked by the general PKC inhibitor calphostin C, but not by the calcium-dependent classic PKC inhibitor Go6976. Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescent staining further showed that only calcium-independent PKCs were activated upon opioid stimulation. Thus, opioids achieve desensitization of chemokine receptors via a unique pathway, involving only calcium-independent PKC isotypes.


* This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Research Grants DA-11130, DA-14230, DA-06550, and DA-13429.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Intramural Research Support Program, Bldg. 560, Rm. 21-89A, Frederick, MD 21702-1201.


Copyright © 2003 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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