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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 2, 948-955, January 10, 2003
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From the Cis-regions and trans-factors controlling
TCL1 oncogene expression are not known. We identified the
functional TCL1 promoter by mapping four transcriptional
start sites 24-30 bp downstream of a TATA box. A 424-bp fragment
upstream of the major start site showed robust promoter activity
comparable with SV40 in both TCL1 expressing and
non-expressing cell lines. Additional constructs spanning 10 kb
upstream and 20 kb downstream of the start site showed only modest
increases in reporter activity indicating that TCL1
expression is primarily controlled by the promoter. Ten putative Sp1-binding sites were identified within 300 bp of the start site, and
three of these specifically bound Sp1. A dose-dependent
transactivation of the TCL1 promoter with Sp1 addition in
Sp1-negative Drosophila SL2 cells was observed, and
mutation of the three identified Sp1-binding sites significantly
repressed reporter gene expression in 293T cells, confirming a key role
for Sp1 in activating the TCL1 promoter in
vivo. In TCL1 silent cell lines, CpG DNA methylation
was rarely observed at functional Sp1 sites, and methylation of a
previously reported NotI restriction site was associated
with dense CpG methylation rather than endogenous TCL1 gene
silencing. Together, these results indicate that Sp1 mediates
transactivation of the TCL1 core promoter and that
TCL1 gene silencing is not dependent on mechanisms
involving Sp1 and NotI site methylation.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory
Medicine, the § Department of Microbiology, Immunology,
and Molecular Genetics, ¶ Molecular Biology Institute,
Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, ** Department
of Pediatrics and 
AIDS Institute, David
Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Center for the Health Sciences,
Los Angeles, California 90095-1732
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