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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 21, 19023-19031, May 23, 2003
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¶
From the
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599,
¶ Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
Previous work indicates that RhoA phosphorylation on Ser188 by cAMP or cGMP-dependent kinases inhibits its activity. However, these studies lacked the possibility to directly study phosphorylated RhoA activity in vivo. Therefore, we created RhoA proteins containing phosphomimetic residues in place of the cAMP/cGMP-dependent kinase phosphorylation site. RhoA phosphorylation or phosphomimetic substitution did not affect Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GTPase activating protein, or geranylgeranyl transferase activity in vitro but promoted binding to the Rho guanine-dissociation inhibitor as measured by exchange factor competition assays. The in vitro similarities between RhoA phosphomimetic proteins and phosphorylated RhoA allowed us to study function of phosphorylated RhoA in vivo. RhoA phosphomimetic proteins display depressed GTP loading when transiently expressed in NIH 3T3 cells. Stable-expressing RhoA and RhoA(S188A) clones spread significantly slower than mock-transfected or RhoA(S188E) clones. RhoA(S188A) clones were protected from the morphological effects of a cAMP agonist, whereas phosphomimetic clones exhibit stress fiber disassembly similar to control cells. Together, these data provide in vivo evidence that addition of a charged group to Ser188 upon phosphorylation negatively regulates RhoA activity and indicates that this occurs through enhanced Rho guanine-dissociation inhibitor interaction rather than direct perturbation of guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GTPase activating protein, or geranylgeranyl transferase activity.
Received for publication, December 20, 2002 , and in revised form, March 20, 2003.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, CB 7295, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Tel.: 919-966-1904; Fax: 919-966-1856; E-mail: hawkeye{at}med.unc.edu.
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