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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 23, 21040-21049, June 6, 2003

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Covalent Binding of Oxidized Cholesteryl Esters to Protein

IMPLICATIONS FOR OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION OF LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS^*,

Yoshichika Kawai , Akiko Saito , Noriyuki Shibata , Makio Kobayashi , Satoshi Yamada ¶, Toshihiko Osawa  and Koji Uchida  ||

From the Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, the Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan, and ^¶Tsukuba Research Laboratory, NOF Co., Tsukuba 300-2635, Japan

It has been proposed that plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) undergo oxidative modification before they can produce foam cells in atherosclerosis. The oxidation of LDL generates a variety of reactive aldehydic products, which covalently bind to the LDL apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB). In the present study, to investigate the mechanisms contributing to the modification of LDL, we analyzed oxidized cholesteryl esters generated during the autoxidation of LDL and characterized their covalent binding to the lysine residues of LDL apoB. In addition, we raised a monoclonal antibody specific to a lysine-bound oxidized cholesteryl ester and determined its production in human atherosclerotic lesions. The peroxidation of LDL with Cu²⁺ produced 9-oxononanoylcholesterol (9-ONC) and 5-oxovaleroylcholesterol as the major oxidized cholesteryl esters. We observed that the levels of 9-ONC and 5-oxovaleroylcholesterol peaked at 12 h and significantly decreased thereafter. The reduction of the core aldehyde levels was accompanied by (i) the formation of free 7-ketocholesterol and 7-ketocholesteryl ester core aldehydes and (ii) an increase in the amounts of apoB-bound cholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol, suggesting that the cholesteryl ester core aldehydes were further converted to their 7-ketocholesterol- and apoB-bound derivatives. To detect the protein-bound 9-ONC, we raised the monoclonal antibody 2A81, directed against 9-ONC-modified protein, and found that it extensively recognized protein-bound cholesteryl ester core aldehydes. Agarose gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblot analysis of the oxidized LDL clearly demonstrated the formation of antigenic structures. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of the atherosclerotic lesions from the human aorta showed that immunoreactive materials with mAb 2A81 were indeed present in the lesions, in which the intense immunoreactivity was mainly located in the macrophage-derived foam cells and the thickening neointima of the arterial walls. The results of this study suggest that the binding of cholesteryl ester core aldehydes to LDL might represent the process common to the oxidative modification of lipoproteins.

Received for publication, December 6, 2002 , and in revised form, March 26, 2003.

^* This work was supported by a research grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains two additional figures.

^|| To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 81-52-789-4127; Fax: 81-52-789-5741; E-mail: uchidak{at}agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp.

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