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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 24, 21378-21387, June 13, 2003

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Interplay between Proximal and Distal Promoter Elements Is Required for Squamous Differentiation Marker Induction in the Bronchial Epithelium

ROLE FOR ESE-1, Sp1, AND AP-1 PROTEINS^*

Sekhar P. M. Reddy  , Hue Vuong ¶ and Pavan Adiseshaiah ¶

From the ^¶ Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205

Overexpression of SPRR1B in bronchial epithelial cells is a marker for early metaplastic changes induced by various toxicants/carcinogens. Previously, we have shown that the transcriptional stimulation of SPRR1B expression by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is mainly mediated by a –150/–94 bp enhancer harboring two critical 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-responsive elements (TREs) and by Jun·Fra-1 dimers. Here, we show that a region between –54 and –39 bp containing an ETS-binding site (EBS) and a GC box is essential for both basal and PMA-inducible SPRR1B transcription. In vivo footprinting demonstrated binding of transcription factors to these elements. However, unlike enhancer TREs, exposure of cells to PMA did not significantly alter the footprinting pattern at these elements. Mutations that crippled both the EBS and GC box suppressed both basal and PMA-inducible SPRR1B transcription. Consistent with this, overexpression of EBS-binding proteins ESE-1 and ESE-3 significantly stimulated SPRR1B promoter activity. Furthermore, preceding SPRR1B transcription, PMA up-regulated mRNA expression of ETS family members such as ESE-1 and ESE-3. Although ESE-1 synergistically activated c-Jun- and PMA-enhanced SPRR1B transcription, coexpression of Sp1 and ESE-1 showed no synergistic or additive effect on promoter activity, indicating an obligatory role for AP-1 proteins in such regulation. In support of this notion, deletion or mutation of two functional TREs inhibited ESE-1- and Sp1-enhanced promoter activation. Thus, the interaction between ESE-1 and Sp1, and AP-1 proteins that bind to the proximal and distal promoter regions, respectively, play a critical role in the induction of squamous differentiation marker expression in bronchial epithelial cells.

Received for publication, December 2, 2002 , and in revised form, April 4, 2003.

^* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants HL58122, HL66109, and ES011863. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Environmental Health Sciences, Div. of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Rm. W7006, 615 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205. Tel.: 410-614-5442; Fax: 410-955-0299; E-mail: sreddy{at}jhsph.edu.

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