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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M301523200 on June 12, 2003

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 35, 32544-32551, August 29, 2003
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Activation of Protein Kinase C{delta} by All-trans-retinoic Acid*

Suman Kambhampati {ddagger}, Yongzhong Li {ddagger}, Amit Verma {ddagger}, Antonella Sassano {ddagger}, Beata Majchrzak §, Dilip K. Deb ¶, Simrit Parmar {ddagger}, Nick Giafis {ddagger}, Dhananjaya V. Kalvakolanu ||, Arshad Rahman **, Shahab Uddin {ddagger}{ddagger}, Saverio Minucci §§, Martin S. Tallman {ddagger}, Eleanor N. Fish § and Leonidas C. Platanias {ddagger} ¶¶

From the {ddagger}Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Lakeside Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, the §Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto Research Institute, University Health Network, and the Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M1, Canada, the **Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, the Ben May Cancer Institute and the {ddagger}{ddagger}Section of Hematology-Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, the ||Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and the §§Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy

All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) is a potent inhibitor of leukemia cell proliferation and induces differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. For RA to induce its biological effects in target cells, binding to specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors is required. The resulting complexes bind to RA-responsive elements (RAREs) in the promoters of RA-inducible genes to initiate gene transcription and to generate protein products that mediate the biological effects of RA. In this report, we provide evidence that a member of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of proteins, PKC{delta}, is activated during RA treatment of the NB-4 and HL-60 acute myeloid leukemia cell lines as well as the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Such RA-dependent phosphorylation was also observed in primary acute promyelocytic leukemia cells and resulted in activation of the kinase domain of PKC{delta}. In studies aimed at understanding the functional relevance of PKC{delta} in the induction of RA responses, we found that pharmacological inhibition of PKC{delta} (but not of other PKC isoforms) diminished RA-dependent gene transcription via RAREs. On the other hand, overexpression of a constitutively active form of the kinase strongly enhanced RA-dependent gene transcription via RAREs. Gel shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that PKC{delta} associated with retinoic acid receptor-{alpha} and was present in an RA-inducible protein complex that bound to RAREs. Pharmacological inhibition of PKC{delta} activity abrogated the induction of cell differentiation and growth inhibition of NB-4 blast cells, demonstrating that its function is required for such effects. Altogether, our data provide strong evidence that PKC{delta} is activated in an RA-dependent manner and plays a critical role in the generation of the biological effects of RA in malignant cells.


Received for publication, February 12, 2003 , and in revised form, May 12, 2003.

* This work was supported by a merit review grant from the Department of Veterans Affairs and National Institutes of Health Grants CA77816 and CA94079 (to L. C. P.) and by Canadian Institutes of Health Research Grant MOP15094 (to E. N. F.). S. K. is a recipient of a fellowship award from the Lauri Straus Leukemia Foundation. A. V. is a recipient of an ASCO Young Investigator Award. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¶¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School, 710 North Fairbanks Ave., Olson Pavilion 8250, Chicago, IL 60611. Tel.: 312-503-4267; Fax: 312-908-1372; E-mail: l-platanias{at}northwestern.edu.


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