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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 38, 35897-35902, September 19, 2003

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Hypersensitivity of Nonhomologous DNA End-joining Mutants to VP-16 and ICRF-193

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE REPAIR OF TOPOISOMERASE II-MEDIATED DNA DAMAGE^*

Noritaka Adachi , Hiromi Suzuki, Susumu Iiizumi and Hideki Koyama

From the Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan

A number of clinically useful anticancer drugs, including etoposide (VP-16), target DNA topoisomerase (topo) II. These drugs, referred to as topo II poisons, stabilize cleavable complexes, thereby generating DNA double-strand breaks. Bis-2,6-dioxopiperazines such as ICRF-193 also inhibit topo II by inducing a distinct type of DNA damage, termed topo II clamps, which has been believed to be devoid of double-strand breaks. Despite the biological and clinical importance, the molecular mechanisms for the repair of topo II-mediated DNA damage remain largely unknown. Here, we perform genetic analyses using the chicken DT40 cell line to investigate how DNA lesions caused by topo II inhibitors are repaired. Notably, we show that LIG4^-/- and KU70^-/- cells, which are defective in nonhomologous DNA end-joining (NHEJ), are extremely sensitive to both VP-16 and ICRF-193. In contrast, RAD54^-/- cells (defective in homologous recombination) are much less hypersensitive to VP-16 than the NHEJ mutants and, more importantly, are not hypersensitive to ICRF-193. Our results provide the first evidence that NHEJ is the predominant pathway for the repair of topo II-mediated DNA damage; that is, cleavable complexes and topo II clamps. The outstandingly increased cytotoxicity of topo II inhibitors in the absence of NHEJ suggests that simultaneous inhibition of topo II and NHEJ would provide a powerful protocol in cancer chemotherapy involving topo II inhibitors.

Received for publication, June 19, 2003

^* This work was supported in part by Public Trust Haraguchi Memorial Cancer Research Fund, by grants from Yamanouchi Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders and from the Inamori Foundation, and by grant-in-aids from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka-cho 641-12, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan. Tel.: 81-45-820-1907; Fax: 81-45-820-1901; E-mail: nadachi{at}yokohama-cu.ac.jp.

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