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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 42, 41380-41388, October 17, 2003

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Cells Preconditioned with Mild, Transient UVA Irradiation Acquire Resistance to Oxidative Stress and UVA-induced Apoptosis

ROLE OF 4-HYDROXYNONENAL IN UVA-MEDIATED SIGNALING FOR APOPTOSIS^*

Yusong Yang  , Abha Sharma  , Rajendra Sharma , Brad Patrick , Sharad S. Singhal ¶, Piotr Zimniak ||, Sanjay Awasthi ¶ and Yogesh C. Awasthi  **

From the Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, the ^¶Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas 76019, and the ^||Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205

Because 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) has been suggested to be involved in oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis (Cheng, J. Z., Sharma, R., Yang, Y., Singhal, S. S., Sharma, A., Saini, M. K., Singh, S. V., Zimniak, P., Awasthi, S., and Awasthi, Y. C. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 41213–41223) and UVA irradiation also causes lipid peroxidation, we have examined the role of 4-HNE in UVA-mediated apoptosis. K562 cells irradiated with UVA (3.0 milliwatts/cm²) for 5, 15, and 30 min showed a time dependent increase in 4-HNE levels. As judged by the activation of caspases, apoptosis was observed only in cells irradiated for 30 min. Within 2 h of recovery in normal medium, 4-HNE levels in 5 and 15 min UVA, irradiated cells returned to the basal or even lower levels but in cells irradiated for 30 min, 4-HNE levels remained consistently higher. The cells irradiated with UVA for 5 min and allowed to recover for 2 h in normal medium (UVA-preconditioned cells) showed a remarkable induction of hGST5.8, which catalyzes conjugation of 4-HNE to glutathione (GSH), and RLIP76 (Ral BP-1), which mediates the transport of the conjugate, GS-HNE. In cells irradiated with UVA for 30 min the induction of RLIP76 or hGST5.8 was not observed. The preconditioned cells transported GS-HNE into the medium at a rate about 2-fold higher than the controls and the transport was inhibited (65%) by coating the cells with anti-RLIP76 IgG. Upon treatment with xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XA/XO), 4-HNE, or prolonged UVA exposure, the control cells showed a sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and apoptosis. However, in the UVA-preconditioned cells, apoptosis was not observed, and JNK activation was inhibited. This resistance of preconditioned cells to XA/XO-, 4-HNE-, or UVA-induced apoptosis could be abrogated when these cells were coated with anti-RLIP76 IgG to block the efflux of GS-HNE. These studies strongly suggest a role of 4-HNE in UVA-mediated apoptosis.

Received for publication, June 2, 2003 , and in revised form, July 11, 2003.

^* This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grants EY 04396 (to Y. C. A.), GM 32304 (to Y. C. A.), CA 77495 (to S. A.), and ES 07804 (to P. Z.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Both authors contributed equally to this work.

^** To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, 551 Basic Science Bldg., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0647. Tel.: 409-772-2735; Fax: 409-772-6603; E-mail: ycawasth{at}utmb.edu.

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