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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M306896200 on September 3, 2003

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 47, 47281-47290, November 21, 2003
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Phosphorylation and Action of the Immunomodulator FTY720 Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor-induced Vascular Permeability*

Teresa Sanchez, Tatiana Estrada-Hernandez, Ji-Hye Paik, Ming-Tao Wu, Krishnan Venkataraman, Volker Brinkmann{ddagger}, Kevin Claffey§, and Timothy Hla§

From the Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3501 and {ddagger}Department of Transplantation and Immunology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland

FTY720, a potent immunosuppressive agent, is phosphorylated in vivo into FTY720-P, a high affinity agonist for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. The effects of FTY720 on vascular cells, a major target of S1P action, have not been addressed. We now report the metabolic activation of FTY720 by sphingosine kinase-2 and potent activation of vascular endothelial cell functions in vitro and in vivo by phosphorylated FTY720 (FTY720-P). Incubation of endothelial cells with FTY720 resulted in phosphorylation by sphingosine kinase activity and formation of FTY720-P. Sphingosine kinase-2 effectively phosphorylated FTY720 in the human embryonic kidney 293T heterologous expression system. FTY720-P treatment of endothelial cells stimulated extracellular signal-activated kinase and Akt phosphorylation and adherens junction assembly and promoted cell survival. The effects of FTY720-P were inhibited by pertussis toxin, suggesting the requirement for Gi-coupled S1P receptors. Indeed, transmonolayer permeability induced by vascular endothelial cell growth factor was potently reversed by FTY720-P. Furthermore, oral FTY720 administration in mice potently blocked VEGF-induced vascular permeability in vivo. These findings suggest that FTY720 or its analogs may find utility in the therapeutic regulation of vascular permeability, an important process in angiogenesis, inflammation, and pathological conditions such as sepsis, hypoxia, and solid tumor growth.


Received for publication, June 27, 2003 , and in revised form, September 2, 2003.

* This work is supported by National Institutes of Health Grants HL67330 and HL70694 (to T. H.) and CA-64436 (to K. C.). The costs publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

§ These authors contributed equally to this study.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Center for Vascular Biology, Dept. of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030-3501. Tel.: 860-679-4128; Fax: 860-679-1201; E-mail: hla{at}nso2.uchc.edu.


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