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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 48, 47585-47593, November 28, 2003

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Standard Isolation of Primary Adipose Cells from Mouse Epididymal Fat Pads Induces Inflammatory Mediators and Down-regulates Adipocyte Genes^*

Hong Ruan, Mary Jane Zarnowski¶, Samuel W. Cushman¶, and Harvey F. Lodish||**

From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and ^||Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 and ^¶Experimental Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition Section, Diabetes Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

Isolation and subsequent in vitro culture of primary adipose cells are associated with down-regulation of GLUT4 mRNA and simultaneous induction of GLUT1 gene expression. Progressive loss of insulin-responsive GLUT4 contributes to the decrease in insulin-mediated glucose uptake in these cells when cultured in vitro. The mechanisms underlying these alterations are unknown. Here, we report that the standard procedure for isolating primary adipose cells from mouse adipose tissue triggers induction of many genes encoding inflammatory mediators including TNF-, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, multiple chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, acute-phase proteins, type I IL-1 receptor, and multiple transcription factors implicated in the cellular inflammatory response. Secretion of TNF- protein was also significantly induced during the 2-h collagenase digestion of adipose tissue. Isolated primary adipose cells exhibit dramatic changes in expression of multiple mRNAs that are characteristic of TNF--treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes including down-regulation of many genes important for insulin action and triglyceride synthesis. Addition of TNF- to primary adipose cells in culture did not change the kinetics or the extent of the repression of adipose cell-abundant genes. Moreover, TNF--neutralizing antibody failed to block the changes in gene transcription in isolated primary adipose cells. Also, the standard isolation procedure induced the expression of NF-B family members and their target genes in primary adipose cells prepared from TNF-–/– mice to the same extent as in cells isolated from wild-type mice and resulted in almost identical changes in global gene expression when these cells were cultured in vitro. Thus, these data suggest that the standard isolation procedure-triggered reprogramming of gene expression in primary adipose cells that results in decreased insulin sensitivity does not require TNF-, at least in this in vitro model system, but may be dependent on other inflammatory cytokines produced by these cells.

Received for publication, May 20, 2003 , and in revised form, July 29, 2003.

^* This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (to H. F. L.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the American Diabetes Association. Currently holds a Postdoctoral Fellowship for Physician Scientists from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

^** To whom correspondence should be addressed: Whitehead Inst. for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Cntr, Rm. 601, Cambridge, MA 02142. Tel.: 617-258-5216; Fax: 617-258-6768; E-mail: lodish{at}wi.mit.edu.

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