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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M308297200 on September 10, 2003

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 49, 49102-49112, December 5, 2003
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Biochemical Diversity among the 1-Amino-cyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Isozymes Encoded by the Arabidopsis Gene Family*

Takeshi Yamagami{ddagger}§, Atsunari Tsuchisaka{ddagger}, Kayoko Yamada{ddagger}, William F. Haddon¶, Leslie A. Harden¶, and Athanasios Theologis{ddagger}||

From the {ddagger}Plant Gene Expression Center and the Food Safety and Health Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710

1-Amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS, EC 4.4.1.14) is the key enzyme in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway in plants. The completion of the Arabidopsis genome sequence revealed the presence of twelve putative ACS genes, ACS1–12, dispersed among five chromosomes. ACS1–5 have been previously characterized. However, ACS1 is enzymatically inactive whereas ACS3 is a pseudogene. Complementation analysis with the Escherichia coli aminotransferase mutant DL39 shows that ACS10 and 12 encode aminotransferases. The remaining eight genes are authentic ACS genes and together with ACS1 constitute the Arabidopsis ACS gene family. All genes, except ACS3, are transcriptionally active and differentially expressed during Arabidopsis growth and development. IAA induces all ACS genes, except ACS7 and ACS9; CHX enhances the expression of all functional ACS genes. The ACS genes were expressed in E. coli, purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography, and biochemically characterized. The quality of the recombinant proteins was verified by N-terminal amino acid sequence and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The analysis shows that all ACS isozymes function as dimers and have an optimum pH, ranging between 7.3 and 8.2. Their Km values for AdoMet range from 8.3 to 45 µM, whereas their kcat values vary from 0.19 to 4.82 s–1 per monomer. Their Ki values for AVG and sinefungin vary from 0.019 to 0.80 µM and 0.15 to 12 µM, respectively. The results indicate that the Arabidopsis ACS isozymes are biochemically distinct. It is proposed that biochemically diverse ACS isozymes function in unique cellular environments for the biosynthesis of C2H4, permitting the signaling molecule to exert its unique effects in a tissue- or cell-specific fashion.

Received for publication, July 30, 2003 , and in revised form, September 10, 2003.

* This work was supported by Grants MCB-9982895 and IBN-0211421 from the National Science Foundation and CRIS no. 5335-21430-005-00D from the USDA/ARS. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

§ Current address: Protein Chemistry and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.

|| To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 510-559-5911; Fax: 510-559-5678; E-mail: theo{at}nature.berkeley.edu.


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