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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M204623200 on November 5, 2002
J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 5, 3275-3285, January 31, 2003
Autocrine Transforming Growth Factor- Signaling
Mediates Smad-independent Motility in Human Cancer Cells*
Nancy
Dumont ,
Andrei V.
Bakin§, and
Carlos L.
Arteaga §¶
From the Departments of Cancer Biology and
§ Medicine and ¶ Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center,
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
37232
Transforming growth factor- (TGF- )
is a pleiotropic growth factor that plays a critical role in modulating
cell growth, differentiation, and plasticity. There is increasing
evidence that after cells lose their sensitivity to TGF- -mediated
growth inhibition, autocrine TGF- signaling may potentially promote tumor cell motility and invasiveness. To understand the molecular mechanisms by which autocrine TGF- may selectively contribute to
tumor cell motility, we have generated MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells
stably expressing a kinase-inactive type II TGF- receptor (T RII-K277R). Our data indicate that T RII-K277R is expressed, can
associate with the type I TGF- receptor, and block both
Smad-dependent and -independent signaling pathways
activated by TGF- . In addition, wound closure and transwell
migration assays indicated that the basal migratory potential of
T RII-K277R expressing cells was impaired. The impaired motility of
T RII-K277R cells could be restored by reconstituting TGF-
signaling with a constitutively active TGF- type I receptor
(ALK5TD) but not by reconstituting Smad signaling
with Smad2/4 or Smad3/4 expression. In addition, the levels of
ALK5TD expression sufficient to restore motility in the
cells expressing T RII-K277R were associated with an increase in
phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
but not Smad2. These data indicate that different signaling pathways
require different thresholds of TGF- activation and suggest that
TGF- promotes motility through mechanisms independent of Smad
signaling, possibly involving activation of the phosphatidylinositol
3-kinase/Akt and/or mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
*
Fluorescence microscopy images were acquired through the use
of the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Cell Imaging Core Resource
supported by National Institutes of Health Grants CA68485 and DK20593.
This work was supported in part by United States Army Medical Research
and Materiel Command Awards DAMD17-98-1-8263 (to N. D.), BC011342 (to
A. V. B.), and DAMD17-98-1-8262 (to C. L. A.), by Public
Health Service Grants CA62212 (to C. L. A.) and CA95263 (to
A. V. B.), and by Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Support Grant
CA68485.The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in
accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Division of
Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Ave., 777 Preston Research Bldg., Nashville, TN 37232-6307. Tel.:
615-936-3524; Fax: 615-936-1790; E-mail:
carlos.arteaga@vanderbilt.edu.
Copyright © 2003 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

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Copyright © 2003 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
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