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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 51, 51291-51300, December 19, 2003

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Surface-exposed Glycopeptidolipids of Mycobacterium smegmatis Specifically Inhibit the Phagocytosis of Mycobacteria by Human Macrophages

IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL FAMILY OF GLYCOPEPTIDOLIPIDS^*

Christelle Villeneuve, Gilles Etienne, Valérie Abadie, Henri Montrozier, Christine Bordier, Françoise Laval, Mamadou Daffe, Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini, and Catherine Astarie-Dequeker

From the Département "Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes," Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France

Phagocytosis by macrophages represents the early step of the mycobacterial infection. It is governed both by the nature of the host receptors used and the ligands exposed on the bacteria. The outermost molecules of the nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis were extracted by a mechanical treatment and found to specifically and dose dependently inhibit the phagocytosis of both M. smegmatis and the opportunistic pathogen M. kansasii by human macrophages derived from monocytes. The inhibitory activity was attributed to surface lipids because it is extracted by chloroform and reduced by alkaline hydrolysis but not by protease treatment. Fractionation of surface lipids by adsorption chromatography indicated that the major inhibitory compounds consisted of phospholipids and glycopeptidolipids (GPLs). Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses, combined with chemical degradation methods, demonstrated the existence of a novel family of GPLs that consists of a core composed of the long-chain tripeptidyl amino-alcohol with a di-O-acetyl-6-deoxytalosyl unit substituting the allo-threoninyl residue and a 2-succinyl-3,4-di-O-CH₃-rhamnosyl unit linked to the alaninol end of the molecules. These compounds, as well as diglycosylated GPLs at the alaninol end and de-O-acylated GPLs, but not the non-serovar-specific di-O-acetylated GPLs, inhibited the phagocytosis of M. smegmatis and M. avium by human macrophages at a few nanomolar concentration without affecting the rate of zymosan internalization. At micromolar concentrations, the native GPLs also inhibit the uptake of both M. tuberculosis and M. kansasii. De-O-acylation experiments established the critical roles of both the succinyl and acetyl substituents. Collectively, these data provide evidence that surface-exposed mycobacterial glycoconjugates are efficient competitors of the interaction between macrophages and mycobacteria and, as such, could represent pharmacological tools for the control of mycobacterial infections.

Received for publication, June 20, 2003 , and in revised form, September 25, 2003.

^* This work was supported in part by European Community Grant QLK 2CT 19990193 and Région Midi-Pyrénées. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5089 (CNRS/UPS), 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France. Tel.: 33-561-17-54-55; Fax: 33-561-17-59-94; E-mail: Catherine.Astarie-Dequeker{at}ipbs.fr.

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