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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 9, 6885-6895, February 28, 2003
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From the Department of Medical Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Medical
Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Recently we have demonstrated that sodium
arsenite induces the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1
Evidence for a Role of p38 Kinase in Hypoxia-inducible Factor
1-independent Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Expression by Sodium Arsenite*
,
(HIF-1
) protein and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in
OVCAR-3 human ovarian cancer cells. We now show that arsenic trioxide,
an experimental anticancer drug, exerts the same effects. The
involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the effects of sodium arsenite was
investigated. By using kinase inhibitors in OVCAR-3 cells, both effects
of sodium arsenite were found to be independent of phosphatidylinositol
3-kinase and p44/p42 MAPKS but were attenuated by inhibition of p38
MAPK. A role for p38 in the regulation of HIF-1
and VEGF expression
was supported further by analysis of activation kinetics. Experiments
in mouse fibroblast cell lines, lacking expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 and 2, suggested that these kinases are not required for
induction of HIF-1
protein and VEGF mRNA. Unexpectedly, sodium arsenite did not activate a HIF-1-dependent reporter gene
in OVCAR-3 cells, indicating that functional HIF-1 was not induced. In
agreement with this hypothesis, up-regulation of VEGF mRNA was not
reduced in HIF-1
/
mouse fibroblast cell lines.
Altogether, these data suggest that not HIF-1, but rather p38, mediates
induction of VEGF mRNA expression by sodium arsenite.
*
This work was supported by the Walter Bruckerhoff Stiftung.The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in
accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Medical
Oncology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The
Netherlands. Tel.: 31-20-444-8327; Fax: 31-20-444-4355; E-mail:
mca.duyndam. oncol{at}med.vu.nl.
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