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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M309660200 on December 19, 2003

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 10, 8919-8929, March 5, 2004
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Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression through the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway and the Nrf2 Transcription Factor in Response to the Antioxidant Phytochemical Carnosol*

Daniel Martin{ddagger}, Ana I. Rojo{ddagger}, Marta Salinas{ddagger}, Raquel Diaz{ddagger}§, German Gallardo§, Jawed Alam¶, Carlos M. Ruiz de Galarreta§, and Antonio Cuadrado{ddagger}||

From the {ddagger}Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas and the Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, and the §Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Gran Canaria, Spain

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway elicits a survival signal against multiple apoptotic insults. In addition, phase II enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protect cells against diverse toxins and oxidative stress. In this work, we describe a link between these defense systems at the level of transcriptional regulation of the antioxidant enzyme HO-1. The herb-derived phenol carnosol induced HO-1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Luciferase reporter assays indicated that carnosol targeted the mouse ho1 promoter at two enhancer regions comprising the antioxidant response elements (AREs). Moreover, carnosol increased the nuclear levels of Nrf2, a transcription factor governing AREs. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and luciferase reporter assays with a dominant-negative Nrf2 mutant indicated that carnosol increased the binding of Nrf2 to ARE and induced Nrf2-dependent activation of the ho1 promoter. While investigating the signaling pathways responsible for HO-1 induction, we observed that carnosol activated the ERK, p38, and JNK pathways as well as the survival pathway driven by PI3K. Inhibition of PI3K reduced the increase in Nrf2 protein levels and activation of the ho1 promoter. Expression of active PI3K-CAAX (where A is aliphatic amino acid) was sufficient to activate AREs. The use of dominant-negative mutants of protein kinase C{zeta} and Akt1, two kinases downstream from PI3K, demonstrated a requirement for active Akt1, but not protein kinase C{zeta}. Moreover, the long-term antioxidant effect of carnosol was partially blocked by PI3K or HO-1 inhibitors, further demonstrating that carnosol attenuates oxidative stress through a pathway that involves PI3K and HO-1.


Received for publication, September 2, 2003 , and in revised form, December 4, 2003.

* This work was supported by Grant SAF2001-0545 from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología and Grant 08.5/0048/2001 from the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (to A. C.) and by Grants FEDER-97/0602 and PI-2002/168 from the Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias (to C. M. R. d. G.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

|| To whom correspondence should addressed: Dept. de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: 34-91-497-5327; Fax: 34-91-585-4401; E-mail: antonio.cuadrado{at}uam.es.


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