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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 12, 11170-11178, March 19, 2004

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Dual Mechanisms for Shedding of the Cellular Prion Protein^*

Edward T. Parkin, Nicole T. Watt, Anthony J. Turner, and Nigel M. Hooper

From the Proteolysis Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

The cellular prion protein (PrP^C) is essential for the pathogenesis and transmission of prion diseases. Whereas the majority of PrP^C is bound to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, a secreted form of the protein has been identified. Here we show that PrP^C can be shed into the medium of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by both protease- and phospholipase-mediated mechanisms. The constitutive shedding of PrP^C was inhibited by a range of hydroxamate-based zinc metalloprotease inhibitors in a manner identical to the -secretase-mediated shedding of the amyloid precursor protein, indicating a proteolytic shedding mechanism. Like amyloid precursor protein, this zinc metalloprotease-mediated shedding of PrP^C could be stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate and by copper ions. The lipid raft-disrupting agents filipin and methyl--cyclodextrin promoted the shedding of PrP^C via a distinct mechanism that was not inhibited by hydroxamate-based inhibitors. Filipin-mediated shedding of PrP^C is likely to occur via phospholipase cleavage of the GPI anchor, since a transmembrane polypeptide-anchored PrP construct was not shed in response to filipin treatment. Collectively, our data indicate that shedding of PrP^C can occur via both secretase-like proteolytic cleavage of the protein and phospholipase cleavage of the GPI anchor moiety.

Received for publication, November 5, 2003 , and in revised form, January 6, 2004.

^* This work was supported by the Medical Research Council and European Union Grant QLG3-CT-2001-02353. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 44-113-3433163; Fax: 44-113-3433167; E-mail: n.m.hooper{at}leeds.ac.uk.

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