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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 15, 14819-14827, April 9, 2004

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LeMPK3 Is a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase with Dual Specificity Induced during Tomato Defense and Wounding Responses^*

Maya Mayrose, Arale Bonshtien, and Guido Sessa

From the Dept. of Plant Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are readily activated during the response of plants to avirulent pathogens or to pathogen-derived elicitors. Here we show that the tomato MAP kinase LeMPK3 is specifically induced at the mRNA level during elicitation of the hypersensitive response in resistant plants infected by avirulent strains of the phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, as well as upon treatment with the fungal elicitor ethylene-inducing xylanase. LeMPK3 gene expression was also induced very rapidly by mechanical stress and wounding much earlier than upon pathogen infection, but not in response to the defense-related plant hormones ethylene and jasmonic acid. Moreover, in resistant tomato plants infected by X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, transcript accumulation was followed by an increase in LeMPK3 kinase activity. Biochemical characterization of a glutathione S-transferase-LeMPK3 fusion protein revealed that the LeMPK3 MAP kinase autophosphorylates in vitro mainly on tyrosine and less so on threonine and serine, whereas it phosphorylates myelin basic protein on serine and threonine. In vitro phosphorylation of a poly-(Glu-Tyr) copolymer by LeMPK3 demonstrated its capability to phosphorylate tyrosine residues on substrates as well. By mutagenesis and phosphoamino acid analysis, Tyr-201 in the kinase activation domain was identified as the main LeMPK3 autophosphorylation site and as critical for kinase activity. Finally, LeMPK3 autophosphorylation showed a preference for Mn²⁺ cations and proceeded via an intramolecular mechanism with an estimated K_m value for ATP of 9.5 µM. These results define LeMPK3 as a MAP kinase with dual specificity and strongly suggest that it represents a convergence point for different signaling pathways inducing the activation of defense responses in tomato.

Received for publication, December 8, 2003 , and in revised form, January 22, 2004.

^* This research was supported in part by BARD, the United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund Research Grant IS-3237-01 and in part by Israel Science Foundation Grant No. 713/01. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 972-3-640-9766; Fax: 972-3-640-9380; E-mail: guidos{at}post.tau.ac.il.

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