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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 2, 821-824, January 9, 2004
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Minireview

From the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Cooperative Research Centre for Cellular Growth Factors, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
Cytokines are secreted proteins that regulate diverse biological functions by binding to receptors at the cell surface to activate complex signal transduction pathways including the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Stringent mechanisms of signal attenuation are essential for ensuring an appropriate, controlled cellular response. Three families of proteins, the SH2-containing phosphatases (SHP), the protein inhibitors of activated STATs (PIAS), and the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), inhibit specific and distinct aspects of cytokine signal transduction. The analysis of mice lacking genes for members of the SHP and SOCS families has shed much light on the roles of these proteins in vivo. In recent in vitro studies, the protein modifiers ubiquitin and SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) have emerged as key players in the strategies employed by SOCS and PIAS to repress signaling.
* This minireview will be reprinted in the 2004 Minireview Compendium, which will be available in January, 2005. This work was supported by National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) Program Grant 257500 and National Institutes of Health Grant CA22556.
Supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award. To whom correspondence should be addressed: The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia. Tel.: 61-3-9345-2525; Fax: 61-3-9345-2616; E-mail: wormald{at}wehi.edu.au.
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