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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 24, 25721-25728, June 11, 2004

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Mutations of Bacteriophage T4 59 Helicase Loader Defective in Binding Fork DNA and in Interactions with T4 32 Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein^*

Charles E. Jones, Erin M. Green, Julia A. Stephens¶, Timothy C. Mueser||, and Nancy G. Nossal**

From the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0830 and the ^||Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606

Bacteriophage T4 gene 59 protein greatly stimulates the loading of the T4 gene 41 helicase in vitro and is required for recombination and recombination-dependent DNA replication in vivo. 59 protein binds preferentially to forked DNA and interacts directly with the T4 41 helicase and gene 32 single-stranded DNA-binding protein. The helicase loader is an almost completely -helical, two-domain protein, whose N-terminal domain has strong structural similarity to the DNA-binding domains of high mobility group proteins. We have previously speculated that this high mobility group-like region may bind the duplex ahead of the fork, with the C-terminal domain providing separate binding sites for the fork arms and at least part of the docking area for the helicase and 32 protein. Here, we characterize several mutants of 59 protein in an initial effort to test this model. We find that the I87A mutation, at the position where the fork arms would separate in the model, is defective in binding fork DNA. As a consequence, it is defective in stimulating both unwinding by the helicase and replication by the T4 system. 59 protein with a deletion of the two C-terminal residues, Lys²¹⁶ and Tyr²¹⁷, binds fork DNA normally. In contrast to the wild type, the deletion protein fails to promote binding of 32 protein on short fork DNA. However, it binds 32 protein in the absence of DNA. The deletion is also somewhat defective in stimulating unwinding of fork DNA by the helicase and replication by the T4 system. We suggest that the absence of the two terminal residues may alter the configuration of the lagging strand fork arm on the surface of the C-terminal domain, so that it is a poorer docking site for the helicase and 32 protein.

Received for publication, February 26, 2004 , and in revised form, April 13, 2004.

^* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Present address: Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.

^¶ Present address: Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.

^** To whom correspondence: Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Bldg. 8, Rm. 2A19, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830. Tel.: 301-496-2724; Fax: 301-402-0240; E-mail: ngn{at}helix.nih.gov.

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