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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 3, 2125-2134, January 16, 2004

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Affinity Maturation of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor and Conversion to Potent Antagonists of Signaling^*

W. Douglas Fairlie, Alessandro D. Uboldi, Joanne E. McCoubrie, Chunxiao C. Wang, Erinna F. Lee, Shenggen Yao, David P. De Souza, Sandra Mifsud, Donald Metcalf, Nicos A. Nicola, Raymond S. Norton, and Manuel Baca, Recipient of an Australian Research Fellowship from the Australian Research Council.¶

From the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Cooperative Research Centre for Cellular Growth Factors, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-induced cell signaling occurs following sequential binding to the LIF receptor -chain (LIFR), then to the gp130 co-receptor used by all members of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. By monovalently displaying human LIF on the surface of M13 phage and randomizing clusters of residues in regions predicted to be important for human LIFR binding, we have identified mutations, which lead to significant increases in affinity for binding to LIFR. Six libraries were constructed in which regions of 4–6 amino acids were randomized then panned against LIFR. Mutations identified in three distinct clusters, residues 53–57, 102–103, and 150–155, gave rise to proteins with significantly increased affinity for binding to both human and mouse LIFR. Combining the mutations for each of these regions further increased the affinity, such that the best mutants bound to human LIFR with >1000-fold higher affinity than wild-type human LIF. NMR analysis indicated that the mutations did not alter the overall structure of the molecule relative to the native protein, although some local changes occurred in the vicinity of the substituted residues. Despite increases in LIFR binding affinity, these mutants did not show any increase in activity as agonists of LIF-induced proliferation of Ba/F3 cells expressing human LIFR and gp130 compared with wild-type LIF. Incorporation of two additional mutations (Q29A and G124R), which were found to abrogate cell signaling, led to the generation of highly potent antagonists of both human and murine LIF-induced bioactivity.

Received for publication, September 11, 2003 , and in revised form, October 23, 2003.

^* The research was supported by a grant from the Contraceptive Research and Development (CONRAD) program (CIG-00-56) and the Cooperative Research Centres Program of the Australian Government. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org)contains Supplementary Data.

^¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia. Tel.: 61-3-9345-2510; Fax: 61-3-9345-2616; E-mail: baca{at}wehi.edu.au.

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