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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 33, 34971-34982, August 13, 2004

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Spermatocyte/Spermatid-specific Thioredoxin-3, a Novel Golgi Apparatus-associated Thioredoxin, Is a Specific Marker of Aberrant Spermatogenesis^*

From the ^aCenter for Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, S-14157 Huddinge, Sweden, ^cDepartment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada, ^dPittsburgh Development Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, ^eDepartment of Developmental Biology, Tampere University Medical School and Department of Pathology, Tampere University Hospital, Fin-33101 Tampere, Finland, ^gDepartment of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and ⁱDepartments of Animal Science and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211-5300

Mammalian germ cells are endowed with a complete set of thioredoxins (Trx), a class of redox proteins located in specific structures of the spermatid and sperm tail. We report here the characterization, under normal and pathological conditions, of a novel thioredoxin with a germ line-restricted expression pattern, named spermatocyte/spermatid-specific thioredoxin-3 (SPTRX-3). The human SPTRX-3 gene maps at 9q32, only 50 kb downstream from the TRX-1 gene from which it probably originated as genomic duplication. Therefore, human SPTRX-3 protein comprises a unique thioredoxin domain displaying high homology with the ubiquitously expressed TRX-1. Among the tissues investigated, Sptrx-3 mRNA is found exclusively in the male germ cells at pachytene spermatocyte and round spermatid stages. Light and electron microscopy show SPTRX-3 protein to be predominately located in the Golgi apparatus of pachytene spermatocytes and round and elongated spermatids, with a transient localization in the developing acrosome of round spermatids. In addition, increased levels of SPTRX-3, possibly caused by overexpression, are observed in morphologically abnormal human spermatozoa from infertile men. In addition, SPTRX-3 is identified as a novel postobstruction autoantigen. In this report, we propose that SPTRX-3 can be used as a specific marker for diverse sperm and testis pathologies. SPTRX-3 is the first thioredoxin specific to the Golgi apparatus, and its function within this organelle might be related to the post-translational modification of proteins required for germ cell-specific functions, such as acrosomal biogenesis.

Received for publication, April 15, 2004 , and in revised form, May 28, 2004.

The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBank^TM/EBI Data Bank with accession number(s) AF305830, AY495589, and AY496270.

^* This work was supported in part by Swedish Medical Research Council Projects 03P-14096, 03X-14041, and 13X-10370 and grants from the Åke Wibergs Stiftelse and the Karolinska Institutet (to A. M.-V.). We acknowledge the generous support of the Reproductive Sciences for the Americas Network (RSANET) (to V. Y .R.).

The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental Figs. 1–5 and Tables I and II.

^b Supported by postdoctoral fellowship EX2003-0390 from the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte.

^f Supported by the Medical Research Fund of Tampere University Hospital.

^h Supported by NIDDK Grant P50-DK45179 and NICHD Grant HD-U54-29009, National Institutes of Health.

^j Supported by the Food for the 21st Century Program of the University of Missouri-Columbia and by United States Department of Agriculture/National Research Initiative Grant 2002-02069.

^k Supported by Canadian grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

^l To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 46-8-6083375; Fax: 46-8-7745538; E-mail: anmi{at}biosci.ki.se.

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