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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 41, 42787-42793, October 8, 2004

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Directed Evolution of a Glycosynthase from Agrobacterium sp. Increases Its Catalytic Activity Dramatically and Expands Its Substrate Repertoire^*

Young-Wan Kim, Seung Seo Lee, R. Antony J. Warren¶, and Stephen G. Withers||

From the Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada and the Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada and the ^¶Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada

The Agrobacterium sp. -glucosidase (Abg) is a retaining -glycosidase and its nucleophile mutants, termed Abg glycosynthases, catalyze the formation of glycosidic bonds using -glycosyl fluorides as donor sugars and various aryl glycosides as acceptor sugars. Two rounds of random mutagenesis were performed on the best glycosynthase to date (AbgE358G), and transformants were screened using an on-plate endocellulase coupled assay. Two highly active mutants were obtained, 1D12 (A19T, E358G) and 2F6 (A19T, E358G, Q248R, M407V) in the first and second rounds, respectively. Relative catalytic efficiencies (k_cat/K_m) of 1:7:27 were determined for AbgE358G, 1D12, and 2F6, respectively, using -D-galactopyranosyl fluoride and 4-nitrophenyl -D-glucopyranoside as substrates. The 2F6 mutant is not only more efficient but also has an expanded repertoire of acceptable substrates. Analysis of a homology model structure of 2F6 indicated that the A19T and M407V mutations do not interact directly with substrates but exert their effects by changing the conformation of the active site. Much of the improvement associated with the A19T mutation seems to be caused by favorable interactions with the equatorial C2-hydroxyl group of the substrate. The alteration of torsional angles of Glu-411, Trp-412, and Trp-404, which are components of the aglycone (+1) subsite, is an expected consequence of the A19T and M407V mutations based on the homology model structure of 2F6.

Received for publication, June 21, 2004 , and in revised form, July 13, 2004.

^* This work was supported in part by the Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada and Neose Technologies Inc. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Supported by a fellowship from the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation.

^|| To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 604-822-3402; Fax: 604-822-8869; E-mail: withers{at}chem.ubc.ca.

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