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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 46, 48376-48388, November 12, 2004
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From the
Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NIA Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, the ¶Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, the ||Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, and the **HELIOS Clinic Franz Volhard Clinic at the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
Nuclear import of HuR, a shuttling RNA-binding protein, is associated with reduced stability of its target mRNAs. Increased function of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme involved in responding to metabolic stress, was recently shown to reduce the cytoplasmic levels of HuR. Here, we provide evidence that importin
1, an adaptor protein involved in nuclear import, contributes to the nuclear import of HuR through two AMPK-modulated mechanisms. First, AMPK triggered the acetylation of importin
1 on Lys22, a process dependent on the acetylase activity of p300. Second, AMPK phosphorylated importin
1 on Ser105. Accordingly, expression of importin
1 proteins bearing K22R or S105A mutations failed to mediate the nuclear import of HuR in intact cells. Our results point to importin
1as a critical downstream target of AMPK and key mediator of AMPK-triggered HuR nuclear import.
Received for publication, August 6, 2004 , and in revised form, September 1, 2004.
* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Ko 1950/1-3) supported M. Köhler.
To whom correspondence may be addressed: Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030-13501. Tel.: 860-679-8082; Fax: 860-679-1201; E-mail: wewang{at}uchc.edu. 
To whom correspondence may be addressed: Box 12, LCMB, NIAIRP, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224-6825. Tel.: 410-558-8050; Fax: 410-558-8386; E-mail: myriam-gorospe{at}nih.gov.
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