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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M404246200 on October 1, 2004

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 48, 49995-50003, November 26, 2004
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BCL-3 and NF-{kappa}B p50 Attenuate Lipopolysaccharide-induced Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages*

Jennifer Wessells{ddagger}, Mark Baer{ddagger}§, Howard A. Young¶, Estefania Claudio||, Keith Brown||, Ulrich Siebenlist||, and Peter F. Johnson{ddagger}**

From the {ddagger}Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201 and ||The Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces expression of tumor necrosis factor {alpha} (TNF{alpha}) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Following its induction, TNF{alpha} gene transcription is rapidly attenuated, in part due to the accumulation of NF-{kappa}B p50 homodimers that bind to three {kappa}B sites in the TNF{alpha} promoter. Here we have investigated the inhibitory role of BCL-3, an I{kappa}B-like protein that interacts exclusively with p50 and p52 homodimers. BCL-3 was induced by LPS with delayed kinetics and was associated with p50 in the nucleus. Forced expression of BCL-3 suppressed LPS-induced transcription from the TNF{alpha} promoter and inhibited two artificial promoters composed of TNF{alpha}{kappa}B sites that preferentially bind p50 dimers. BCL-3-mediated repression was reversed by trichostatin A and was enhanced by overexpression of HDAC-1, indicating that transcriptional attenuation involves recruitment of histone deacetylase. Analysis of macrophages from p50 and BCL-3 knock-out mice revealed that both transcription factors negatively regulate TNF{alpha} expression and that BCL-3 inhibits IL-1{alpha} and IL-1{beta}. In contrast, induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was reduced in BCL-3 null macrophages. BCL-3 was not required for the production of p50 homodimers but BCL-3 expression was severely diminished in p50-deficient cells. Together, these findings indicate that p50 and BCL-3 function as anti-inflammatory regulators in macrophages by attenuating transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activating IL-10 expression.


Received for publication, April 16, 2004 , and in revised form, September 24, 2004.

* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

§ Present address: KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

** To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 301-846-1627; Fax: 301-846-5991; E-mail: johnsopf{at}ncifcrf.gov.


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