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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 49, 51490-51499, December 3, 2004

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Hsp72 Inhibits Apoptosis Upstream of the Mitochondria and Not through Interactions with Apaf-1^*

Rohan Steel, Judith P. Doherty, Katherine Buzzard, Nicholas Clemons, Christine J. Hawkins, and Robin L. Anderson¶

From the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, A'Beckett St., Locked Bag #1, Melbourne Victoria 8006 and the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia

Hsp72 protects cells against apoptosis in response to various stresses. By simultaneously measuring cytochrome c localization and nuclear morphology in mouse embryo fibroblasts, we have shown that Hsp72 blocks cytochrome c release from mitochondria in response to cytotoxic stress and that permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane is the critical point in deciding the fate of the cell. Hsp72 did not inhibit apoptosis in mouse embryo fibroblasts once cytochrome c had been released from the mitochondria. Recent reports have claimed that Hsp72 can prevent caspase activation by inhibiting the oligomerization of Apaf-1 in the presence of cytochrome c and dATP. We now show that this apparent function of recombinant Hsp72 is due to the presence of salt in the Hsp72 preparation and that the same response can be achieved by the addition of heat-denatured Hsp72 in the same high salt buffer or by the high salt buffer alone. Hsp72 expressed in a range of different cell lines had no inhibitory effect on cytochrome c-stimulated caspase activity of cytosolic extracts. We conclude that the protective effect of Hsp72 occurs upstream of the mitochondria and not through the inhibition of the apoptosome.

Received for publication, February 6, 2004 , and in revised form, September 3, 2004.

^* This work was supported by grants from the NCI National Institutes of Health CA81421 (to R. L. A.), Australian Research Council (to C. J. H.), and a Cancer Council Victoria post-doctoral scholarship (to K. B.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 61-3-9656-1284; Fax: 61-3-9656-1411; E-mail: robin.anderson{at}petermac.org.

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