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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 52, 54896-54904, December 24, 2004

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G₁₃ Signals via p115RhoGEF Cascades Regulating JNK1 and Primitive Endoderm Formation^*

Yi-Nan Lee, Craig C. Malbon, and Hsien-yu Wang¶

From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, State University of New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661 and the Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651

The heterotrimeric G-protein G₁₃ mediates the formation of primitive endoderm from mouse P19 embryonal carcinoma cells in response to retinoic acid, signaling to the level of activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. The signal linkage map from MEKK1/MEKK4 to MEK1/MKK4 to JNK is obligate in this G₁₃-mediated pathway, whereas that between G₁₃ and MEKKs is not known. The overall pathway to primitive endoderm formation was shown to be inhibited by treatment with Clostridium botulinum C3 exotoxin, a specific inactivator of RhoA family members. Constitutively active G₁₃ was found to activate RhoA as well as Cdc42 and Rac1 in these cells. Although constitutively active Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA all can activate JNK1, only the RhoA mutant was able to promote formation of primitive endoderm, mimicking expression of the constitutively activated G₁₃. Expression of the constitutively active mutant form of p115RhoGEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) was found to activate RhoA and JNK1 activities. Expression of the dominant negative p115RhoGEF was able to inhibit activation of both RhoA and JNK1 in response to either retinoic acid or the expression of a constitutively activated mutant of G₁₃. Expression of the dominant negative mutants of RhoA as well as those of either Cdc42 or Rac1, but not Ras, attenuated G₁₃-stimulated as well as retinoic acid-stimulated activation of all three of these small molecular weight GTPases, suggesting complex interrelationships among the three GTPases in this pathway. The formation of primitive endoderm in response to retinoic acid also could be blocked by expression of dominant negative mutants of RhoA, Cdc42, or Rac1. Thus, the signal propagated from G₁₃ to JNK requires activation of p115RhoGEF cascades, including p115RhoGEF itself, RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac1. In a concerted effort, RhoA in tandem with Cdc42 and Rac1 activates the MEKK1/4, MEK1/MKK4, and JNK cascade, thereby stimulating formation of primitive endoderm.

Received for publication, July 7, 2004 , and in revised form, October 18, 2004.

^* This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (to C. C. M.) and by an award from the March of Dimes Foundation (to H. Y. W.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 631-444-3489; Fax: 631-444-3432; E-mail: wangh{at}pharm.sunysb.edu.

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