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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 53, 55117-55126, December 31, 2004
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Involvement of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 and XRCC1/DNA Ligase III in an Alternative Route for DNA Double-strand Breaks Rejoining*
From the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
The efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is critical for the maintenance of genomic integrity. In mammalian cells, the nonhomologous end-joining process that represents the predominant repair pathway relies on the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and the XRCC4-DNA ligase IV complex. Nonetheless, several in vitro and in vivo results indicate that mammalian cells use more than a single end-joining mechanism. While searching for a DNA-PK-independent end-joining activity, we found that the pretreatment of DNA-PK-proficient and -deficient rodent cells with an inhibitor of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 enzyme (PARP-1) led to increased cytotoxicity of the highly efficient DNA double-strand breaking compound calicheamicin 
1. In addition, the repair kinetics of the DSBs induced by calicheamicin 1 was delayed both in PARP-1-proficient cells pretreated with the PARP-1 inhibitor and in PARP-1-deficient cells. In order to get new insights into the mechanism of an alternative route for DSBs repair, we have established a new synapsis and end-joining two-step assay in vitro, operating on DSBs with either nuclear protein extracts or recombinant proteins. We found an end-joining activity independent of the DNA-PK/XRCC4-ligase IV complex but that actually required a novel synapsis activity of PARP-1 and the ligation activity of the XRCC1-DNA ligase III complex, proteins otherwise involved in the base excision repair pathway. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that a PARP-1-dependent DSBs end-joining activity may exist in mammalian cells. We propose that this mechanism could act as an alternative route of DSBs repair that complements the DNA-PK/XRCC4/ligase IV-dependent nonhomologous end-joining.
Received for publication, April 23, 2004 , and in revised form, October 19, 2004.
* This work was supported in part by grants from the Association pour la Recherche Contre le Cancer, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, and Electricité de France. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Supported by a post-doctoral fellowship from Association pour la Recherche Contre le Cancer and Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, 205 Route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex, France. Tel.: 33-5-61-17-59-36; Fax: 33-5-61-17-59-33; E-mail: bernard.salles{at}ipbs.fr.
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