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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 7, 5604-5611, February 13, 2004

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Domain-specific Modification of Heparan Sulfate by Qsulf1 Modulates the Binding of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Antagonist Noggin^*

Beth L. Viviano, Stephenie Paine-Saunders, Nijole Gasiunas, John Gallagher, and Scott Saunders¶||

From the Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, ^¶Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and Department of Medical Oncology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom

We have reported previously that Noggin is a heparin-binding protein and associates with the cell surface through heparan sulfate proteoglycans, where it remains functional for the binding of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Here we report that the binding of Noggin to the cell surface is highly selective for heparan sulfate and that specific structural features are required for the interaction. Noggin binds most efficiently to heparin sequences composed of 10 or more monosaccharides; N-, 6-O-, and 2-O-sulfates contribute to this interaction. In addition, we have shown that the developmentally regulated endosulfatase Qsulf1 selectively removes sulfate groups from the 6-O position of sugars within the most highly sulfated S domains of heparan sulfate, whereas 6-O-sulfates in the NA/NS domains are not substrates for the enzyme. The activity of Qsulf1 in cells in culture results in the release of Noggin from the cell surface and a restoration of BMP responsiveness to the cells. This shows that Noggin binds to the S domains of heparan sulfate and provides evidence that, in addition to modulating Wnt signaling in vivo by the release of heparan sulfate bound Wnt, Qsulf1 also modulates BMP signaling by the release of surface-bound Noggin.

Received for publication, September 26, 2003 , and in revised form, November 17, 2003.

^* These studies were supported by National Institutes of Health Grants DK56063 and HD39952 (to S. S.) and March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation Grant 6-FY99-441 (to S. S.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^|| To whom correspondence should be addressed: Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Pediatrics, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63110. Tel.: 314-286-2850; Fax: 314-286-2893; E-mail: saunders_s{at}kids.wustl.edu.

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