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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 9, 7370-7377, February 27, 2004
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¶
From the
Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262 and the
Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo 160, Japan
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, originally described as a DNA-binding protein that stabilizes nucleosomes and facilitates transcription, can also be released extracellularly during acute inflammatory responses. Exposure of neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages to HMGB1 results in increased nuclear translocation of NF-
B and enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Although the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been shown to interact with HMGB1, other putative HMGB1 receptors are known to exist but have not been characterized. In the present experiments, we explored the role of RAGE, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, and TLR 4, as well as associated kinases, in HMGB1-induced cellular activation. Culture of neutrophils or macrophages with HMGB1 produced activation of NF-
B through TLR 4-independent mechanisms. Unlike lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which primarily increased the activity of IKK
, HMGB1 exposure resulted in activation of both IKK
and IKK
. Kinases and scaffolding proteins downstream of TLR 2 and TLR 4, but not TLR/interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-independent kinases such as tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2, were involved in the enhancement of NF-
B-dependent transcription by HMGB1. Transfections with dominant negative constructs demonstrated that TLR 2 and TLR 4 were both involved in HMGB1-induced activation of NF-
B. In contrast, RAGE played only a minor role in macrophage activation by HMGB1. Interactions of HMGB1 with TLR 2 and TLR 4 may provide an explanation for the ability of HMGB1 to generate inflammatory responses that are similar to those initiated by LPS.
Received for publication, June 25, 2003 , and in revised form, October 28, 2003.
* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants HL62221 and 1PO1HL068743 (to E. A.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Div. of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Box C272, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Ave., Denver, CO 80262. Tel.: 303-315-7047; Fax: 303-315-5632; E-mail: Edward.Abraham{at}uchsc.edu.
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