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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M409486200 on December 21, 2004
J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 10, 9135-9148, March 11, 2005
Induction of Cyclin D2 in Rat Granulosa Cells Requires FSH-dependent Relief from FOXO1 Repression Coupled with Positive Signals from Smad*
Youngkyu Park ,
Evelyn T. Maizels ,
Zachary J. Feiger ,
Hena Alam ,
Carl A. Peters ,
Teresa K. Woodruff ,
Terry G. Unterman¶,
Eun Jig Lee||,
J. Larry Jameson||, and
Mary Hunzicker-Dunn **
From the
Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and ||Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, the Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and the ¶Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
Ovarian follicles undergo exponential growth in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), largely as a result of the proliferation of granulosa cells (GCs). In vitro under serum-free conditions, rat GCs differentiate in response to FSH but do not proliferate unless activin is also present. In the presence of FSH plus activin, GCs exhibit enhanced expression of cyclin D2 as well as inhibin- , aromatase, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), cholesterol side chain (SCC), and epiregulin. In this report we sought to identify the signaling pathways by which FSH and activin promote GC proliferation and differentiation. Our results show that these responses are associated with prolonged Akt phosphorylation relative to time-matched controls and are dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and Smad2/3 signaling, based on the ability of the PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 or infection with adenoviral dominant negative Smad3 (DN-Smad3) mutant to attenuate induction of cyclin D2, inhibin- , aromatase, SCC, SF-1, and epiregulin. The DN-Smad3 mutant also abolished prolonged Akt phosphorylation stimulated by FSH plus activin 24 h post-treatment. Infection with the adenoviral constitutively active forkhead box-containing protein, O subfamily (FOXO)1 mutant suppressed induction of cyclin D2, aromatase, inhibin- , SF-1, and epiregulin. Transient transfections of GCs with constitutively active FOXO1 mutant also suppressed cyclin D2, inhibin- , and epiregulin promoter-reporter activities. Chromatin immunoprecipitation results demonstrate in vivo the association of FOXO1 with the cyclin D2 promoter in untreated GCs and release of FOXO1 from the cyclin D2 promoter upon addition of FSH plus activin. These results suggest that proliferation and differentiation of GCs in response to FSH plus activin requires both removal of FOXO1-dependent repression and positive signaling from Smad2/3.
Received for publication, August 18, 2004
, and in revised form, December 15, 2004.
* This work was funded by National Institutes of Health Grants P01 HD21921 (to M. H.-D. and J. L. J.), R01 HD044464 (to T. K. W.), and R01 DK41430 (to T. G. U.) and by the Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Review Program (to T. G. U.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
** To whom correspondence should be addressed: Northwestern University Medical School, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. Tel.: 312-503-8940; Fax: 312-503-0566; E-mail: mhd{at}Northwestern.edu.

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Copyright © 2005 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
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