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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M407030200 on October 25, 2004

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 2, 1241-1247, January 14, 2005
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ClC-3 Chloride Channels Facilitate Endosomal Acidification and Chloride Accumulation*

Mariko Hara-Chikuma{ddagger}, Baoxue Yang{ddagger}, N. D. Sonawane{ddagger}, Sei Sasaki§, Shinichi Uchida§, and A. S. Verkman{ddagger}

From the {ddagger}Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521 and the §Department of Nephrology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan

We investigated the involvement of ClC-3 chloride channels in endosomal acidification by measurement of endosomal pH and chloride concentration [Cl] in control versus ClC-3-deficient hepatocytes and in control versus ClC-3-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Endosomes were labeled with pH or [Cl]-sensing fluorescent transferrin (Tf), which targets to early/recycling endosomes, or {alpha}2-macroglobulin ({alpha}2M), which targets to late endosomes. In pulse label-chase experiments, [Cl] was 19 mM just after internalization in {alpha}2M-labeled endosomes in primary cultures of hepatocytes from wild-type mice, increasing to 58 mM over 45 min, whereas pH decreased from 7.1 to 5.4. Endosomal acidification and [Cl] accumulation were significantly impaired in hepatocytes from ClC-3 knock-out mice, with [Cl] increasing from 16 to 43 mM and pH decreasing from 7.1 to 6.0. Acidification and Cl accumulation were blocked by bafilomycin. In Tf-labeled endosomes, [Cl] was 46 mM in wild-type versus 35 mM in ClC-3-deficient hepatocytes at 15 min after internalization, with corresponding pH of 6.1 versus 6.5. Approximately 4-fold increased Cl conductance was found in {alpha}2M-labeled endosomes isolated from hepatocytes of wild-type versus ClC-3 null mice. In contrast, Golgi acidification was not impaired in ClC-3-deficient hepatocytes. In transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing ClC-3A, endosomal acidification and [Cl] accumulation were enhanced. [Cl] in {alpha}2M-labeled endosomes was 42 mM (control) versus 53 mM (ClC-3A) at 45 min, with corresponding pH 5.8 versus 5.2; [Cl] in Tf-labeled endosomes at 15 min was 37 mM (control) versus 49 mM (ClC-3A) with pH 6.3 versus 5.9. Our results provide direct evidence for involvement of ClC-3 in endosomal acidification by Cl shunting of the interior-positive membrane potential created by the vacuolar H+ pump.


Received for publication, June 23, 2004 , and in revised form, September 20, 2004.

* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants EB00415, HL73854, HL59198, DK35124, and EY13574 and Grant R613 from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Cardiovascular Research Institute, 1246 Health Sciences East Tower, Box 0521, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521. Tel.: 415-476-8530; Fax: 415-665-3847; E-mail: verkman{at}itsa.ucsf.edu.


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