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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 2, 1448-1456, January 14, 2005

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Functional Characterization in Vitro of All Two-component Signal Transduction Systems from Escherichia coli^*

Kaneyoshi Yamamoto, Kiyo Hirao, Taku Oshima¶, Hirofumi Aiba||, Ryutaro Utsumi, and Akira Ishihama**

From the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kinki University, Nakamachi 3327-204, Nara 631-8505, ^¶Research and Education Center for Genetic Information, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, ^||Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, and ^**Division of Molecular Biology, Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan

Bacteria possess a signal transduction system, referred to as a two-component system, for adaptation to external stimuli. Each two-component system consists of a sensor protein-histidine kinase (HK) and a response regulator (RR), together forming a signal transduction pathway via histidyl-aspartyl phospho-relay. A total of 30 sensor HKs, including as yet uncharacterized putative HKs (BaeS, BasS, CreC, CusS, HydH, RstB, YedV, and YfhK), and a total of 34 RRs, including putative RRs (BaeR, BasR, CreB, CusR, HydG, RstA, YedW, YfhA, YgeK, and YhjB), have been suggested to exist in Escherichia coli. We have purified the carboxyl-terminal catalytic domain of 27 sensor HKs and the full-length protein of all 34 RRs to apparent homogeneity. Self-phosphorylation in vitro was detected for 25 HKs. The rate of self-phosphorylation differed among HKs, whereas the level of phosphorylation was generally co-related with the phosphorylation rate. However, the phosphorylation level was low for ArcB, HydH, NarQ, and NtrB even though the reaction rate was fast, whereas the level was high for the slow phosphorylation species BasS, CheA, and CreC. By using the phosphorylated HKs, we examined trans-phosphorylation in vitro of RRs for all possible combinations. Trans-phosphorylation of presumed cognate RRs by HKs was detected, for the first time, for eight pairs, BaeS-BaeR, BasS-BasR, CreC-CreB, CusS-CusR, HydH-HydG, RstB-RstA, YedV-YedW, and YfhK-YfhA. All trans-phosphorylation took place within less than 1/2 min, but the stability of phosphorylated RRs differed, indicating the involvement of de-phosphorylation control. In addition to the trans-phosphorylation between the cognate pairs, we detected trans-phosphorylation between about 3% of non-cognate HK-RR pairs, raising the possibility that the cross-talk in signal transduction takes place between two-component systems.

Received for publication, September 2, 2004 , and in revised form, November 1, 2004.

^* This work was supported by grants-in-aid for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan and Research Grants from Kinki University and the Agricultural Chemical Research Foundation. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains Tables I and II.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 81-742-43-7274; Fax: 81-742-43-1445; E-mail: kyamam{at}nara.kindai.ac.jp.

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