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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 2, 1457-1464, January 14, 2005
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TCF-4 Mediates Cell Type-specific Regulation of Proglucagon Gene Expression by 
-Catenin and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3*
¶||¶**
From the
Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and Departments of Physiology, ¶Medicine, **Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M1, Canada
The proglucagon gene (glu) encodes glucagon, expressed in pancreatic islets, and the insulinotropic hormone GLP-1, expressed in the intestines. These two hormones exert critical and opposite effects on blood glucose homeostasis. An intriguing question that remains to be answered is whether and how glu gene expression is regulated in a cell type-specific manner. We reported previously that the glu gene promoter in gut endocrine cell lines was stimulated by 
-catenin, the major effector of the Wnt signaling pathway, whereas glu mRNA expression and GLP-1 synthesis were activated via inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3, the major negative modulator of the Wnt pathway (Ni, Z., Anini, Y., Fang, X., Mills, G. B., Brubaker, P. L., & Jin, T. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 1380–1387). We now show that -catenin and the glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor lithium do not activate glu mRNA or glu promoter expression in pancreatic cell lines. In the intestinal GLUTag cell line, but not in the pancreatic InR1-G9 cell line, the glu promoter G2 enhancer-element was activated by lithium treatment via a TCF-binding motif. TCF-4 is abundantly expressed in the gut but not in pancreatic islets. Furthermore, both TCF-4 and -catenin bind to the glu gene promoter, as detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Finally, stable introduction of dominant-negative TCF-4 into the GLUTag cell line repressed basal glu mRNA expression and abolished the effect of lithium on glu mRNA expression and GLP-1 synthesis. We have therefore identified a unique mechanism that regulates glu expression in gut endocrine cells only. Tissue-specific expression of TCF factors thus may play a role in the diversity of the Wnt pathway.
Received for publication, October 8, 2004 , and in revised form, October 27, 2004.
* This work is supported by operating grants from Canadian Diabetes Association (CDA 1198 (to T. J.) and CDA 1021 (to P. L. B.)), and a Banting and Best Diabetes Centre Hugh Sellers Post-doctoral Fellowship (to F. Y.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
|| Supported by the Canada Research Chairs Program.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Rm. 421, 67 College St., Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M1, Canada. Tel.: 416-340-4800 (ext. 4768); Fax: 416-340-3453; E-mail: tianru.jin{at}utoronto.ca.
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