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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 25, 23735-23740, June 24, 2005

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Nuclear Localization of Flavonoid Enzymes in Arabidopsis^*

David E. Saslowsky, Ujwala Warek, and Brenda S. J. Winkel¶

From the Department of Biology and Fralin Center for Biotechnology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061

Flavonoids represent one of the oldest, largest, and most diverse families of plant secondary metabolites. These compounds serve a wide range of functions in plants, from pigmentation and UV protection to the regulation of hormone transport. Flavonoids also have interesting pharmacological activities in animals that are increasingly being characterized in terms of effects on specific proteins or other macromolecules. Although flavonoids are found in many different locations both inside and outside the cell, biosynthesis has long been believed to take place exclusively in the cytoplasm. Recent reports from a number of different plant species have documented the presence of flavonoids in nuclei, raising the possibility of novel mechanisms of action for these compounds. Here we present evidence that not only flavonoids, but also at least two of the biosynthetic enzymes, are located in the nucleus in several cell types in Arabidopsis. This is the first indication that differential targeting of the biosynthetic machinery may be used to regulate the deposition of plant secondary products at diverse sites of action within the cell.

Received for publication, December 1, 2004 , and in revised form, April 5, 2005.

^* This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant MCB-0131010. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Present address: Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 710, GI/Cell Biology, Boston, MA 02115.

Present address: Orion Genomics, LLC, 4041 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108.

^¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biology and Fralin Center for Biotechnology, Virginia Tech, West Campus Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0346. Tel.: 540-231-3013; Fax: 540-231-7126; E-mail: winkel{at}vt.edu.

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