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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 25, 24113-24126, June 24, 2005

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Synthesis and Characterization of a Triphenylphosphonium-conjugated Peroxidase Mimetic

INSIGHTS INTO THE INTERACTION OF EBSELEN WITH MITOCHONDRIA^*

Aleksandra Filipovska¶, Geoffrey F. Kelso¶||**, Stephanie E. Brown, Samantha M. Beer, Robin A. J. Smith||, and Michael P. Murphy

From the Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Bldg., Hills Rd., Cambridge CB2 2XY, United Kingdom and ^||Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand

Mitochondrial production of peroxides is a critical event in both pathology and redox signaling. Consequently their selective degradation within mitochondria is of considerable interest. Here we have explored the interaction of the peroxidase mimetic ebselen with mitochondria. We were particularly interested in whether ebselen was activated by mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin, in determining whether an ebselen moiety could be targeted to mitochondria by conjugating it to a lipophilic cation, and in exploring the nature of ebselen binding to mitochondrial proteins. To achieve these goals we synthesized 2-[4-(4-triphenylphosphoniobutoxy) phenyl]-1,2-benzisoselenazol)-3(2H)-one iodide (MitoPeroxidase), which contains an ebselen moiety covalently linked to a triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation. The fixed positive charge of TPP facilitated mass spectrometric analysis, which showed that the ebselen moiety was reduced by GSH to the selenol form and that subsequent reaction with a peroxide reformed the ebselen moiety. MitoPeroxidase and ebselen were effective antioxidants that degraded phospholipid hydroperoxides, prevented lipid peroxidation, and protected mitochondria from oxidative damage. Both peroxidase mimetics required activation by mitochondrial GSH or thioredoxin to be effective antioxidants. Surprisingly, conjugation to the TPP cation led to only a slight increase in the uptake of ebselen by mitochondria due to covalent binding of the ebselen moiety to proteins. Using antiserum against the TPP moiety we visualized those proteins covalently attached to the ebselen moiety. This analysis indicated that much of the ebselen present within mitochondria is bound to protein thiols through reversible selenenylsulfide bonds. Both MitoPeroxidase and ebselen decreased apoptosis induced by oxidative stress, suggesting that they can decrease mitochondrial oxidative stress. This exploration has led to new insights into the behavior of peroxidase mimetics within mitochondria and to their use in investigating mitochondrial oxidative damage.

Received for publication, February 1, 2005 , and in revised form, April 11, 2005.

^* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

A New Zealand Science and Technology Postdoctoral Research Fellow.

^¶ Joint first authors.

^** A New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science, and Technology Bright Futures Scholar.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Michael P. Murphy, Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Bldg., Hills Rd., Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK. Fax: 44-1223-252905; E-mail: mpm{at}mrc-dunn.cam.ac.uk.

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