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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 29, 27244-27250, July 22, 2005
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¶
From the
Environmental Response Project ERATO-Japan Science and Technology Agency, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan and the Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
The Nrf2-Keap1 system coordinately regulates cytoprotective gene expression via the antioxidant responsive element (ARE). The expression of several ARE-regulated genes was found to be up-regulated in endothelial cells by laminar shear stress, suggesting that Nrf2 contributes to the anti-atherosclerosis response via the ARE. To gain further insight into the roles that Nrf2 plays in the development of atherosclerosis, we examined how Nrf2 regulates gene expression in response to anti-atherogenic laminar flow (L-flow) or pro-atherogenic oscillatory flow (O-flow). Exposure of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) to L-flow, but not to O-flow, induced the expression of cytoprotective genes, such as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) by 5-fold and heme oxygenase-1 by 8-fold. The critical contribution of Nrf2 to the expression induced by L-flow was ascertained in siRNA-mediated knock-down experiments. Two cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) specific inhibitors attenuated Nrf2 nuclear accumulation in the acute phase of L-flow exposure. A downstream product of COX-2, 15-deoxy-
12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), activated the Nrf2 regulatory pathway in HAECs through binding to the cysteines of Keap1. These results demonstrate that 15d-PGJ2 is essential for L-flow to activate Nrf2 and induce anti-atherosclerotic gene expression. Whereas both L-flow and O-flow induced the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 to comparable levels, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Nrf2 binding to the NQO1 ARE was significantly diminished in the case of O-flow compared with that of L-flow. These results suggest that O-flow inhibits Nrf2 activity at the DNA binding step, thereby suppressing athero-protective gene expression and hence predisposing the blood vessels to the formation of atherosclerosis.
Received for publication, March 8, 2005 , and in revised form, May 9, 2005.
* This work was supported in part by grants from ERATO-JST, the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, and the Atherosclerosis Foundation. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan. Tel.: 81-298-53-6158; Fax: 81-298-53-7318; E-mail: masi{at}tara.tsukuba.ac.jp.
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